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Gross anatomy > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae does the spine consist of?

A

7

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2
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae does the spine consist of?

A

12

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3
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae does the spine consist of?

A

5

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4
Q

How many sacral vertebrae does the spine consist of, are they discrete?

A

5, fused vertebrae

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5
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae does the spine consist of?

A

3-5

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6
Q

What lies inbetween adjacent vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral discs

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7
Q

What occupies the vertebral canal from C1 to L1

A

Spinal cord

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8
Q

What occupies the vertebral canal from L1 down?

A

Corda equina

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9
Q

What does the spinal cord give rise to?

A

Nerve roots

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10
Q

Where do nerve roots emerge relative to the spinal cord?

A

Via the intervertebral foramen, below the pedicle of each vertebrae

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11
Q

How many nerve roots are there in the cervical region?

A

8

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12
Q

Why is there 8 nerve roots but only 7 vertebrae in the cervical region?

A

Root 1 emerges above C1.

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13
Q

What do nerve roots exit the spinal cord through?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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14
Q

Describe the curvature of the spine?

A

Cervical Lordosis

Thoracic Kyphosis

Lumbar Lordosis

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15
Q

What is a lordosis and a kyphosis?

A

Lordosis - posterior concavity

Kyphosis - posterior convexity

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16
Q

What can cause lateral scoliosis?

A

Ventral and medial somite cells surrounding the notochord and neural tube fail to migrate (to meet in the middle), on one side

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17
Q

What are the primary spinal curvatures? When do they develop?

A

Thoracic kyphosis and sacral curvature

During foetal development

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18
Q

What are the secondary spinal curvatures? When do they develop?

A

Cervical and lumbar lordosis

After birth

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19
Q

What forms first, lumbar or cervical lordosis?

A

Cervical

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20
Q

What signals somites to differentiate into sclerotome and dermomyotome?

A

Shh induces the most medial of somite cells to form sclerotome

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21
Q

What releases Shh that patterns the spine?

A

Notochord

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22
Q

What does the sclerotome form?

A

Vertebrae

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23
Q

Where does the sclerotome lie relative to the myotome?

A

Medial (towards notochord)

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24
Q

When sclerotome cells move medially what happens to it?

A

Cells meet the other sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body

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25
Q

How does sclerotome on fuse in a craniocaudal axis to form vertebrae?

A

The lower half of one sclerotome (from one somite) fuses with the upper half of the adjacent one to form each vertebral body.

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26
Q

Where do the spinal nerves emerge through a sclerotome?

A

Through fissure in one NOT through adjacent ones

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27
Q

What genes determine appropriate shapes of vertebrae along the spine?

A

Hox

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28
Q

What type of bone is a vertebrae?

A

Irregular bone

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29
Q

What type of ossification do vertebrae undergo?

A

Endochonral ossification

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30
Q

Describe the basic configuration of a vertebra

A

Vertebral body

Posterior part of a vertebra joins the vertebral body via two pedicles

Vertebral foramen created by body, pedicles and posterior

Laminae join together the central spinous process with the transverse processes.

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31
Q

What joins up the spinous and transverse processes?

A

Laminae

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32
Q

What joins the body with the posterior vertebrae?

A

Pedicles

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33
Q

What forms the intervertebral foramen (bone)?

A

Above and below the pedicles are vertebral notches (superior and inferior).

When the vertebrae articulate the notches align with those on adjacent vertebrae and these form the openings of the intervertebral foramina.

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34
Q

Which articular process is lined with hyaline cartilage?

A

Superior

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35
Q

What is characteristic about the body of cervical vertebrae?

A

Small

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36
Q

What is characteristic about the vertebral foramen of cervical vertebrae?

A

Large

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37
Q

What foramen is unique to cervical vertebra?

A

Transverse (vertebroarterial)

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38
Q

Where are transverse foramina (cervical spine)?

A

Lateral to body

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39
Q

What is the role of the transverse foramina (cervical spine)?

A

Passage of vertebral arteries

40
Q

What is unique about the spinous process of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Bifid spine on spinous process - two prominences.

41
Q

What is the vertebra prominens?

A

C7

42
Q

What movements does the cervical spine C3-C7 allow?

A

Articulation facets allow flexion and extension but no rotation.

43
Q

What allows the flexion and extension of the cervical spine?

A

Articulation facets

44
Q

What are the names of C1/C2?

A

C1 - Atlas

C2 - Axis

45
Q

What is the specialised function of C1/C2?

A

Allow a greater range of motion than normal vertebrae such as axial rotation.

46
Q

What is specific about Atlas?

A

Extra facet for dens of the axis to insert.

No body

47
Q

What is specific about Axis?

A

Very small/no body that projects the dens.

The dens (odontoid) process acts as a pivot

48
Q

What holds the dens in place in the atlas facet?

A

Transverse ligaments

49
Q

What movement does the dens allow?

A

Pivot that allows the atlas and attached head to rotate on the axis

50
Q

What is the C1/C2 joint called?

A

Atlantoaxial joint

51
Q

Does the atlantoaxial joint have an intervertebral disc?

A

No

52
Q

Where is the dens of the axis derived from?

A

Dens of the axis is derived from the vertebral body of the atlas (C1) (in development lower sclerotome joins upper sclerotome)

53
Q

What does the atlas articulate with above?

A

Occipital condyles of bone

54
Q

What is the joint between the occipital bone and the atlas called?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

55
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Synovial

56
Q

What movements does the atlanto-occipital joint allow?

A

Flexion and extension, which gives nodding of the head.

Sight lateral motion, lateroflexion, to one or other side

57
Q

What is characteristic about the vertebral foramen of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Small

58
Q

What is characteristic about the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Long

59
Q

What unique facets to the thoracic vertebrae have?

A

Costal facet for rib articulation

60
Q

What movements do the articulation facets allow in thoracic vertebrae?

A

Almost no flexion and extension but some rotation.

61
Q

What is characteristic about the body of the lumbar vertebrae, why is this?

A

Large body - designed for weight bearing.

62
Q

What movements do the articulation facets allow in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Flexion and extension but no rotation

63
Q

What is unique about the sacral vertebrae?

A

Fused

64
Q

What are the joints between vertebrae (below C2) called?

A

Intervertebral

65
Q

What are the two types of joint that make up the intervertebral joint?

A

Synovial joints between the articular processes of neighboring vertebrae.

Secondary cartilaginous joints between the vertebral bodies (Intervertebral discs).

66
Q

What joint type is between the vertebral bodies/discs?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

67
Q

What is the function of the intervertebral discs?

A

Distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each intervertebral disc under compressive loads.

68
Q

What does the notochord give rise to?

A

Nucleus palposus

69
Q

What makes up a vertebral disc?

A

The nucleus pulposus and the fibers of the anulus fibrosus

70
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus?

A

Fibrocartilage outer layer that gives strength

71
Q

What is the nucleus palposus?

A

Central, gelatinous and compresses to withstand forces

72
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus derived from?

A

Sclerotome

73
Q

What is the role of ligaments in the spine?

A

Stabilise and maintain posture in the spine

74
Q

What are the ligaments of the spine from anterior to posterior?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligaments

Posterior longitudinal ligaments

Ligamentum flavum

Intertransverse

Interspinous

Supraspinous

75
Q

What do the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments do?

A

Hold together the vertebral bodies on both A and P side, encase the intervertebral discs.

76
Q

What does the ligamentum flavum do?

A

Joins the ventral parts of the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.

77
Q

What do the intertransverse ligaments do?

A

Joins between the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae.

78
Q

What do the interspinous ligaments do?

A

Joins between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae.

79
Q

What do the supraspinous ligaments do?

A

Joins the most outer part of the spinous processes together.

80
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate in an adult vs a child?

A

Below L1 in adults (L3 in child).

81
Q

How do roots exit the thoracic vertebrae (angle) in thoracic spine?

A

Almost parallel to the transverse processes

82
Q

How do roots exit the thoracic vertebrae (angle) in lumbar spine downwards, what is an implication of this?

A

Emerge from lumbar vertebrae downwards

The root can often be mistaken to come from the vertebrae below.

83
Q

What is a disc herniation?

A

Tear in the outer, fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc allows the soft, central portion to bulge out beyond the damaged outer rings,

84
Q

What is the most common region of the spine to herniate and why?

A

L4-L5 and L5-S1 as greatest weight bearing.

85
Q

Upper lumbar principle movement?

A

Extension

86
Q

Osteoblasts that form the body of a vertebrae are derived from the…

A

Bone marrow

87
Q

The lateral masses of the atlas articulate with the …

A

Occipital condyles

88
Q

Which movements are possible between the atlas and axis vertebrae?

A

Flexion, extension and axial rotation

89
Q

What about the pedicles of the vertebrae allows nerve passage?

A

Notching of them, to allow intervertebral foramina

90
Q

Where are the costal articulating points on thoracic vertebrae?

A

Transverse process

91
Q

How is rotation prevented in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Have large vertical facets to prevent rotation

92
Q

The sacral nerves transmit which modalities?

A

motor, parasympathetic, sensory, sympathetic

93
Q

At which level does the subarachnoid space terminate?

A

S2

94
Q

The anterior sacral foramina transmit …

A

Both the anterior rami of the sacral nerves and the lateral sacral arteries

95
Q

What innervates intrinsic back muscles?

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

96
Q

Intrinsic back muscles include?

A

Erector spinae, splenius, transversospinales

97
Q

Extrinsic back muscles include?

A

Rhomboids, levator scapulae, trapezius and latissimus dorsi

Gross anatomy (17 decks)

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