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Gross anatomy > Limb bones and joints > Flashcards

Limb bones and joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five different types of bone based on shape?

A

Flat bones: scapula, cranial vault.

Long bones: bones of the limb.

Short bones: carpals and tarsals.

Irregular bones: vertebrae or facial bones

Sesamoid bones: contain inside tendons, patella

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2
Q

What are the three sections of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis - shaft

Epiphysis - ends of bone

Epiphysial plate - hyaline cartilage where growth occurs, new bone called metaphysis

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3
Q

What bones does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

Clavicle
Scapula
Proximal humerus

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4
Q

What is the only bony attachment between the upper limb and trunk?

A

Clavicle

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5
Q

What is the shape of the clavicle?

A

S-shaped contour

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6
Q

What are the two ends of the clavicle and what is their overall shape?

A

The lateral / acromial end is flat.

The medial / sternal end is more quadrangular in shape.

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7
Q

What is the facet at the acromial end of the clavicle for?

A

Acromial facet there for articulation with facet on acromion of scapula

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8
Q

What is the facet at the sternal end of the clavicle for?

A

Large facet for articulation with the manubrium of sternum and first costal cartilage

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9
Q

What are the three angles, three borders and two surfaces of the scapula?

A

Lateral, superior and inferior angles

Superior lateral and medial borders

Costal and posterior surface

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10
Q

What angle does the glenoid fossa mark on the scapula?

A

Lateral angle

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11
Q

What is the acromion?

A

Anterolateral projection of scapula that articulates with the clavicle.

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12
Q

What is the coracoid process?

A

Hook-like structure, anterolaterally, inferior to the lateral clavicle

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13
Q

What does the spine of the scapula divide the posterior scapula into?

A

Supraspinous fossa

Infraspinous fossa

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14
Q

What bones does the upper limb consist of?

A 
Humerus 
Radius 
Ulna 
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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15
Q

What marks the proximal end of the humerus?

A

Head which fits into the glenoid fossa ( ball and socket joint).

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16
Q

What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A

The anatomical neck which is very short and formed from an narrow constriction distal to the head.

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17
Q

What is the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

The surgical neck describes the narrow part just below the anatomical neck

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18
Q

Why is the surgical neck clinically relevant?

A

Axillary nerve, posterior circumflex, humeral artery lie posterior to the surgical neck. As this is a common fracture sight, it can be dangerous.

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19
Q

What are the two prominence on the proximal humerus, what key muscles attach here?

A

The greater and lesser tubercles (rotator cuff muscle attachment sites)

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20
Q

Where do the greater and lesser tubercles lie in relation to eachother?

A

Greater lies laterally and the lesser lies anteriorly.

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21
Q

Distally, what happens to the humeral shaft?

A

Flattens

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22
Q

What prominence does the distal humerus have?

A

Two condyles, two epicondyles and three fossae.

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23
Q

What are the humeral condyles called and what do they articulate with?

A

Capitulum - articulates the radius

Trochlea - articulates the ulna.

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24
Q

Where do the two epicondyles lie, which one is more prominent?

A

Epicondyles lie adjacent to the condyles.

The medical epicondyle is a large bony protrusion and the lateral epicondyle is much less pronounced.

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25
Q

Where are the humeral fossae in relation to the condyles?

A

Superior

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26
Q

What are the three fossae on the distal humerus?

A

Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Olecrannon fossa

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27
Q

Where does the radial fossa lie, what does it receive in flexion?

A

Superior to the capitulum

Receives the anterior border of the head of the radius

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28
Q

Where does the coronoid fossa lie, what does it receive in flexion?

A

Superior to the trochlea, adjacent to radial fossa

Receives coronoid process of the ulna

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29
Q

Where does the olecrannon fossa lie, what does it receive in flexion?

A

Superior to trochlea on posterior surface of distal humerus

Receives olecrannon process

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30
Q

What joint does the radial head form with the humerus?

A

Pivot

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31
Q

What lies just distal to the radial head?

A

Radial tuberosity

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32
Q

What prominence does the proximal head of the ulna have?

A

Olecrannon and coronoid processes

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33
Q

Where does the biceps brachii tendon attach distally?

A

Radial tuberosity

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34
Q

Where does the triceps brachii insert distally?

A

Superior surface of olecrannon

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35
Q

What is the trochlear notch formed by, what does it articulate with?

A

Formed by olecrannon and coronoid process

Trochlea

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36
Q

What is the attachement site for brachialis?

A

Tuberosity of ulna

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37
Q

What processes lie at the distal end of the ulna and radius?

A

Styloid processes

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38
Q

What are the 8 carpal bones?

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capaitate, Hamate

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39
Q

What do the metacarpals articulate with?

A

Carpals and proximal phalanges

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40
Q

What digit only has two phalanges, what is it missing?

A

Thumb (first digit) no medial phalanges

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41
Q

What forms the pelvis?

A

Two innonimate hip bones and the sacrum

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42
Q

What are the three elements of the hip bone?

A

Ilium, pubis and ischium

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43
Q

During development do the 3 parts of the hip bone ossify together?

A

No

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44
Q

Where do all 3 parts of the hip bone connect?

A

The acetabulum

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45
Q

When do the 3 hip bones fuse at the acetabulum?

A

At puberty

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46
Q

What is the most superior margin of the ilium called?

A

Iliac crest

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47
Q

What is the peak of the iliac crest called?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine (hipbones) ASIS.

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48
Q

What joins the sacrum and the hip bones?

A

Sacroiliac joint

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49
Q

What are the two prominences of the ischium called?

A

Ischial tuberosities

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50
Q

What does the head of the femur articulate with?

A

Acetabulum

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51
Q

Where does the ligament of the femur head attach?

A

Fovea

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52
Q

Roughly what angle does the neck of femur project from shaft at?

A

125 degrees superomedially

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53
Q

What are the two prominence of the proximal femur?

A

Greater and lesser trochanter

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54
Q

What are the bones of the lower limb?

A 
Femur
Tibia
Tibula
Patella
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges.
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55
Q

What is the deep groove posterior to the greater trochanter an what attaches here?

A

Trochanteric fossa

Obturator externus muscle

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56
Q

What attaches to the greater trochanter?

A

Gluteus medius and minimus

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57
Q

What attaches to the lesser trochanter?

A

Attachment iliacus and psoas

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58
Q

What posterior bump runs down the femur?

A

Linear aspera

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59
Q

What attaches to the linear aspera?

A

Adductors

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60
Q

What attaches the gluteus maximus?

A

Gluteal tuberosity

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61
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid

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62
Q

What articulates with the tibial plateau?

A

Femoral condyles (medial and lateral)

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63
Q

Does the tibia and fibular articulate at the knee joint?

A

No, only the tibia

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64
Q

What tibial facets articulate with the femur

A

Lateral and medial condyles

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65
Q

Which femur condyle is larger, why?

A

Medial condyle is larger than the lateral (outer) condyle due to more weight bearing caused by the centre of mass being medial to the knee.

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66
Q

Where do quadricep femoris muscles attach?

A

Tibial tuberosity

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67
Q

What is the patellar ligament?

A

Continuation of quadriceps femoris tendon below patella

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68
Q

Do tibia and fibular rotate?

A

No

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69
Q

Where is the fibular in relation to the tibia?

A

Laterally

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70
Q

At the distal end of the tibia and fibular what prominence is there?

A

Fibular - lateral malleolus

Tibia - medial malleolus

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71
Q

What holds the tibia and fibular together?

A

Interosseous membrane

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72
Q

Where does the proximal fibular articulate?

A

Inferior lateral condyle of tibia

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73
Q

What tarsal articulates with the malleoli?

A

Talus

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74
Q

What are the 7 tarsals?

A

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms (medial intermediate and lateral)

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75
Q

What do metatarsals articulate with?

A

Tarsals and distal phalanges

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76
Q

How many phalanges do the toes have?

A

3, except big toe which has 2

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77
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two bones meet

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78
Q

What are the three types of joint?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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79
Q

What holds bones together at a fibrous joint?

A

Bones are bound together by collagen-rich fibrous dense connective tissue.

80
Q

What are fibrous joints between bones of the skull called?

A

Sutures

81
Q

What are fibrous joints between long bones called?

A

Syndesmoses

82
Q

What are examples of syndesmoses?

A

Inferior (anterior) tibiofibular joint

Interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna of the forearm.

83
Q

How much movement do fibrous joints provide?

A

Very small amounts

84
Q

What holds bones together in cartilaginous joints?

A

Cartilage (fibro-cartilage or hyaline cartilage)

85
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joint?

A

Primary cartilaginous joints - These bones are connected by hyaline cartilage.

Secondary cartilaginous joints - fibrocartilaginous and hyaline joints

86
Q

What is an example of primary cartilaginous joints?

A

Growth plates between ossification centers in long bones at epiphyseal (growth) plates, which ossify when long bone extension is complete.

87
Q

What is an example of secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

Manubriosternal joint (between the manubrium - upper sternum and the sternum and intervertebral discs.

88
Q

What are the characteristic features/ structure of synovial joints?

A

presence of a joint cavity which contains a small volume of synovial fluid. Smooth, articular hyaline cartilage covers the bone ends. The joint is enclosed in a sleeve-like fibrous capsule (joint capsule) lined with

89
Q

What are the characteristic features/ structure of synovial joints?

A

Ppresence of a joint cavity which contains a small volume of synovial fluid.

Smooth, articular hyaline cartilage covers the bone ends.

The joint is enclosed in a sleeve-like fibrous capsule (joint capsule) lined with synovium

90
Q

Where does the synovial fluid come from in a synovial joint?

A

Specialised synovial membrane (synovium) composed of secretory cells secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.

91
Q

Why do synovial joints need associated ligaments?

A

Ligaments crossing the joint prevent excessive movement.

92
Q

What are the three most common synovial joint types and three more less common?

A

Most common: hinge, ellipsoid and ball and socket

Less common: plane, pivot and saddle

93
Q

What is the name of the joint where the acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the scapula?

A

Acromioclavicular

94
Q

What is the name of the joint where the sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton?

A

Sternoclavicular joints

95
Q

What type of the joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket

96
Q

What movements does the glenohumeral joint allow?

A

Allows flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction and rotation.

97
Q

What acts to deepen the glenoid fossa?

A

Fibrocartilaginous rim surrounding the fossa called the glenoid labrum

98
Q

What aspect of the joint do the glenohumeral ligaments strengthen?

A

Anterior aspect

99
Q

Where does the coracoacromial ligament lie and what does it prevent/support?

A

Coracoacromial ligament passes between the acromion and coracoid

Forms part of a fibrosseous arch superior to the head of the humerus, helping to prevent superior dislocation of the humeral head

100
Q

Where does the coracohumeral ligament lie?

A

Between the coracoid process and the greater tubercle

101
Q

What does the coracoclavicular ligament do?

A

Maintains clavicle position

102
Q

What does the transverse humeral ligament run between, what does it do?

A

Runs between the two tubercles, holding the head of biceps in position here

103
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Subscapularis

104
Q

What are the main roles of rotator cuff?

A

Stabilising the glenohumeral joint - musculotenindous cuff

Movement at glenohumeral joint

105
Q

Where do the rotator cuff muscles attach?

A

The Infraspinatus, supraspinatus and teres minor all insert into the greater tuberosity of the humeral head, but the subscapularis inserts into the lesser tuberosity.

106
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

107
Q

What movements does the elbow joint permit?

A

Flexion and extension

108
Q

What are the two sub-joints of the elbow, what are the articulations?

A

Surfaces of the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus articulate with the trochlear notch of the ulna and head of the radius at the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints respectively

109
Q

Does the elbow joint capsule attach directly to the radius?

A

No

110
Q

Where does the elbow joint capsule attach instead of the radius, what does this allow?

A

Anular ligament

Freedom of movement between the radius and ulnar

111
Q

What ligaments strengthen the elbow joint?

A

Co-lateral ligaments

112
Q

At what position is the elbow joint at max stability?

A

Forearm flexed to 90 degrees in a position of mid-pronation –supination.

113
Q

What joint is between the radius and ulnar at the distal end ?

A

Distal radio-ulna joint

114
Q

What type of joints are the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?

A

Pivot

115
Q

What movement does rotation of the radius at the radioulnar joints produce?

A

Pronation/supination

116
Q

What holds the proximal radius in place?

A

Annular ligament

117
Q

What type of joint is the radio-carpal?

A

Synovial ellipsoid joint

118
Q

What three carpals articulate at the radiocarpal joint?

A

Scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum.

119
Q

What movements does the radiocarpal joint permit?

A

Flexion-extension as well as abduction and adduction

120
Q

What ligaments support the radiocarpal joint?

A

Radial and ulnar collateral carpal ligaments.

121
Q

What are midcarpal joints and what do they permit?

A

Midcarpal joints are found between the proximal and distal rows of the carpal bones.

Permit flexion-extension and some degree of abduction and adduction.

122
Q

What is the first carpometacarpal joint between, what type of joint is it ?

A

First metacarpal bone and the trapezium

Synovial saddle joint which allows for specialised movements.

123
Q

What is opposition?

A

Complex interaction of flexion, abduction, rotation and adduction due to the saddle shape of the first carpometacarpal joint

124
Q

What type of joint is at the articulation of distal carpals and metacarpal (2-5th digits)?

A

Plane, synovial joints

125
Q

What type of joint is metacarpophalageal (2-5th digits), what movements are permitted?

A

Synovial ellipsoid

Flexion-extension and abduction-adduction

126
Q

Why type of joint are interphalangeal, what movements and what supports them?

A

Synovial hinge joints

Allow flexion-extension.

Stabilised by collateral ligaments.

127
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket joint

128
Q

What movements does the hip joint permit?

A

Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction and medial and lateral rotation.

129
Q

What deepens the acetabulum?

A

Acetabular labrum

130
Q

What are the three main ligaments that stabilise the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral

131
Q

Where does the iliofemoral ligament lie?

A

Anteriorly between the ilium and the region between the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur (the intertrochanteric line)

132
Q

Where does the pubofemoral ligament lie?

A

Between the pubis and the intertrochanteric line,

133
Q

Where does the ischiofemoral ligament lie?

A

Spirals between the ischium and the greater trochanter

134
Q

When are the ligaments of the hip tight and when are they relaxed?

A

Relaxed with flexion and tight on extension

135
Q

Why is it beneficial to have tight ligaments at the hip when standing?

A

Takes the action out of the muscles so standing can be a passive process.

136
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Modified synovial hinge joint

137
Q

What movements does the knee joint produce?

A

Flexion-extension and a small amount of medial and lateral rotation

138
Q

When and when only can the knee joint have a small amount of lateral rotation?

A

When the joint is flexed

139
Q

What are the menisci made of and what is their role?

A

Fibrocartilage

Increase the joint congruency, assist in weight bearing and act as shock absorbers.

140
Q

What type of knee injuries can tear the medial meniscus?

A

Rotational

141
Q

Where does the lateral co-lateral ligament of the knee insert into?

A

Fibula

142
Q

What ligament attaches to the medial meniscus?

A

Medial co-lateral ligament

143
Q

Is the lateral meniscus attached to the lateral collateral ligament?

A

No

144
Q

How is the lateral collateral ligament separated from the fibrous capsule?

A

By the tendon of the popliteus muscle.

145
Q

Which surface of the patella is covered in hyaline cartilage, what joint does it make?

A

Posterior surface

Patellofemoral joint

146
Q

When the knee is extended how does it ‘lock’?

A

The medial femoral condyle medially rotates on tibia, this tightens ligaments

147
Q

How does the knee ‘un-lock’?

A

‘unlocked’ by the popliteus muscle, which laterally rotates the femur on the tibia at initiation of flexion.

148
Q

What are the two cruciate ligaments

A

ACL

PCL

149
Q

Where does the ACL lie?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) arises from the anterior part of the intercondylar area of the tibia and attaches to the lateral condyle of the femur.

150
Q

Where does the PCL lie?

A

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) attaches from the posterior part of the intercondylar region of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur.

151
Q

What does the ACL prevent?

A

Over extension of the knee

152
Q

What is the joint between the leg bones and tarsals?

A

Synovial hinge talocrural joint

153
Q

What does the talocrural joint allow?

A

Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

154
Q

What joints permit inversion and eversion of the foot?

A

Joints between the tarsals

155
Q

What ligaments strengthen the ankle joints?

A

Collateral

156
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

Compound hinge synovial joint

157
Q

What does the radial collateral ligament insert into?

A

Annular ligament

158
Q

How many parts is the ulnar collateral ligament made up of?

A

Three parts

159
Q

What part of the elbow does the ulnar collateral ligament stabilise?

A

Medial aspect of the joint

160
Q

Where do the quadriceps originate?

A

Rectus femoris originates from the anterior inferior iliac spine

Vastus lateralis originates from the shaft and greater trochanter of the femur

Vastus intermedius originates from the shaft of the femur

Vastus medialis originates from the medial shaft of the femur

161
Q

Where does the sartorious originate?

A

ASIS

162
Q

What side is the fibula on?

A

Lateral

163
Q

What sort of joint is the sacro iliac?

A

syndesmosis

164
Q

What joints are between bones of the skull?

A

Fibrous

165
Q

What sort of joint is the manubriosternal joint?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

166
Q

What joint to joint capsules surround?

A

Synovial

167
Q

Is the capsule particularly lax on the inferior aspect of the shoulder joint?

A

Yes

168
Q

What defines a compoud joint?

A

They are a type of synovial joint, containing more than two articulating bones.

The elbow joint and radiocarpal joints are examples.

169
Q

The radius articulates with

A

both the radial notch of the ulna and the capitulum humerus

170
Q

Coracoid, coronoid, capitulum?

A

Coracoid - (process) scapula (C in it - near clavicle)

Coronoid - elbow (process on ulna that articulates with coronoid fossa in humerus)

Capitulum - elbow (condyle articulates with head of radius)

171
Q

Tubercle, tuberosity, trochlea, trochanter?

A

Greater and lesser tubercle/tuberosity (rotator cuff attachments)

Tuberosity also used for bone prominence

Trochlea - elbow (condyle that receives coronoid and olecrannon processes of ulna)

Trochanter - process on proximal femur (greater glute med /min, lesser psoas and iliacus)

172
Q

How do lateral and medial menisci contact?

A

By an anterior transverse ligament

173
Q

Does the medial meniscus contact the medial collateral ligament?

A

Yes

174
Q

Compare the shapes of the medial meniscus with lateral meniscus?

A

It is a C shaped disc, in contrast to the more rounded lateral meniscus.

175
Q

Do extensors of the knee pass posterior to the joint?

A

No

176
Q

What tarsal does the fibular articulate with?

A

Talus

177
Q

Does the tibia articulate with the patella?

A

No

178
Q

What tarsal does the tibia articulate with?

A

Talus

179
Q

What movements does the talus and tibial joint allow?

A

Plantar and dorsi flexion

180
Q

What joint is the talocalcaneous joint? What does it allow?

A

Synovial allows eversion and inversion

181
Q

Bones of ankle/foot?

A

Talus, calcaneous, navicular, cuboid, medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms

Metatarsals

Phalanges (same as hand)

182
Q

Arches of foot

A

Medial and lateral longitudial arch and transverse arch (coronal plane)

183
Q

Apex of foot arches

A

Talus

184
Q

Ligaments which support arches

A

Plantar ligaments and spring ligaments

185
Q

Spring ligament action and location

A

Calcaneous to the navicular prevent medial arch from collapsing

186
Q

Plantar ligament action and location

A

Calcaneus to cuboid stabilise lateral longitudinal arch

187
Q

Ankle joint

A

Compound hinge synovial

188
Q

Most ankle injuries occur during

A

Plantarflexion

189
Q

Ankle lateral collateral ligament

A

Three segments

190
Q

Ankle medial collateral ligament (deltoid ligament)

A

Deltoid very thick

191
Q

Oblique popliteal ligament

A

Lateral femoral epicondyle to medial condyle of tibia - limits rotation

192
Q

ACL tear

A

Tibia comes out in front of the femur

193
Q

Bursae around knee

A

Suprapatellar, prepatellar, deep infrapatellar, superficial infrapatellar

194
Q

Suprapatellar bursa location

A

Between femur and quadriceps tendon

195
Q

Prepatellar bursa location

A

Between skin and anterior patella

196
Q

Superficial infrapatellar location

A

Between skin and tibial tuberosity

197
Q

Deep infrapatellar location

A

Between patellar ligament and anterior tibia

Gross anatomy (17 decks)

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