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Gross anatomy > Limb vasculature > Flashcards

Limb vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

What is the arterial supply to the upper limb from the aorta?

A

Subclavian artery

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2
Q

What marks when the subclavian artery enters the axilla?

A

Lateral border of the first rib

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3
Q

What does the subclavian artery become when it enters the axilla?

A

Axillary artery

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4
Q

What does the axillary supply to the humerus?

A

Forms an anastomotic network around the surgical neck of the humerus (humeral circumflex)

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5
Q

Where does the axillary artery terminate, what does it become?

A

Lower border of the teres major muscle

Becomes the brachial artery

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6
Q

Where does the brachial artery pass?

A

Down the arm

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7
Q

When does the brachial artery terminate?

A

As it moves through the cubital fossa, underneath the bicipital aponeurosis,

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8
Q

What does the brachial artery terminate into?

A

Radial and ulnar arteries

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9
Q

Where does the radial artery supply?

A

Posterolateral aspect of the forearm, contributes to anastomosis around elbow and carbal bones

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10
Q

How does the radial artery enter the hand?

A

Curves around the lateral hand and back through the anatomical snuffbox into hand.

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11
Q

Where does the ulnar artery supply?

A

Anteromedial aspect of the forearm. It contributes to an anastomotic network surrounding the elbow joint.

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12
Q

What do the radial and ulnar arteries form in the hand?

A

Anastomose in the hand by forming two arches – the superficial palmar arch, and the deep palmar arch.

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13
Q

What veins drain the hand?

A

Cephalic and basilic

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14
Q

Where does the basilic vein ascend up the arm?

A

Ascends the medial aspect of the upper limb.

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15
Q

Where does the basilic vein move deep into the arm?

A

Border of teres major

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16
Q

What happens when the basilic vein reaches the border of the teres major?

A

It moves deep into the arm

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17
Q

When the basilic is deep in the arm, what happens to it?

A

Combines with the brachial veins from the deep venous system to form the axillary vein.

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18
Q

What do the brachial veins feed into?

A

Axillary vein

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19
Q

What side of the arm does the cephalic vein drain up?

A

Antero-lateral aspect of the upper limb

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20
Q

How does the cephalic vein pass across the elbow?

A

Anteriorly

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21
Q

Where does the cephalic vein travel at the shoulder?

A

Between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles (known as the deltopectoral groove), and enters the axilla region via the clavipectoral triangle

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22
Q

How does the cephalic vein enter the axilla?

A

Through the clavipectoral triangle

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23
Q

Where can the radial pulse be detected?

A

Palpated in the distal forearm, immediately lateral to the prominent tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle, and anatomical snuffbox.

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24
Q

Where can the ulna pulse be detected?

A

Medial of the wrist.

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25
Q

Where can the brachial pulse be detected?

A

Inside of the upper arm near the elbow

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26
Q

Where can the axillary pulse be detected?

A

Inferiorly of the lateral wall of the axilla

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27
Q

What do the lymph vessels in the upper limb follow?

A

The deep lymphatic vessels of the upper limb follow the major deep veins (i.e. radial, ulnar and brachial veins)

The superficial lymphatic vessels of the upper limb follow the superficial veins (i.e. basilic, cephalic)

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28
Q

Where does the upper limb lymph drain from deep nodes?

A

Terminating in the humeral axillary lymph nodes.

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29
Q

What does the descending aorta divide into to supply the lower limbs?

A

Descending aorta gives rise to the common iliac arteries via bifurcation

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30
Q

At what spinal level does the descending aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

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31
Q

What do the common iliac arteries divide into?

A

Internal and external iliac arteries

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32
Q

What iliac artery supplies the lower limb?

A

External

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33
Q

What does the external iliac terminate into?

A

Femoral artery

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34
Q

Where does the external iliac terminate into the femoral artery?

A

As it crosses under the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle.

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35
Q

After it exits the femoral triangle where does the femoral artery move in the leg?

A

Anterior surface of the thigh, via a tunnel known as the adductor canal.

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36
Q

Where does the adductor canal end?

A

At an opening in the adductor magnus, called the adductor hiatus.

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37
Q

What does the femoral artery do when it reaches the adductor hiatus?

A

The femoral artery moves through this opening, and enters the posterior compartment of the thigh, proximal to the knee.

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38
Q

What does the femoral artery become as it moves through the adductor hiatus into the posterior limb?

A

Popliteal artery

39
Q

What supplies the adductor muscles of the lower limb?

A

Obturator artery

40
Q

What does the obturator artery arise from, where?

A

Arises from the internal iliac in the pelvic region

41
Q

Where does the obturator artery descend through, to where?

A

Descends via the obturator canal to enter the medial thigh

42
Q

What does the obturator artery divide into?

A

Anterior and posterior division

43
Q

What do the anterior and posterior division of the obturator artery supply?

A

Anterior branch: This supplies the pectineus, obturator externus, adductor muscles and gracilis.

Posterior branch: This supplies some of the deep gluteal muscles.

44
Q

What arteries supply the gluteal region?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries.

45
Q

Where do the gluteal arteries arise from?

A

Internal iliac artery

46
Q

How do the gluteal arteries enter the gluteal region?

A

Via the greater sciatic foramen

47
Q

Where does the popliteal artery descend?

A

Descends down the posterior thigh

48
Q

Where does the popliteal artery move between?

A

Moves through the popliteal fossa, exiting between the gastrocnemius and popliteus muscles.

49
Q

Where does the popliteal artery terminate?

A

At the lower border of the popliteus

50
Q

What does the popliteal artery divide into?

A

Anterior tibial artery, the posterior tibial and fibular arteries

51
Q

Where does the posterior tibial artery descend to?

A

Passes inferiorly, along the surface of the deep posterior leg muscles. It enters the sole of the foot

52
Q

Where does the fibular artery descend to?

A

Descends posteriorly to the fibula, within the posterior compartment of the leg.

53
Q

Where does the anterior tibial artery descend to?

A

Passes anteriorly between the tibia and fibula, through a gap in the interosseous membrane.

It then moves inferiorly down the leg into the foot, where it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery.

54
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery become as it enters the foot?

A

Dorsalis pedis

55
Q

Where is the femoral pulse located?

A

In the inner thigh, at the mid-inguinal point, halfway between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine (femoral artery).

56
Q

Where is the popliteal pulse located?

A

Above the knee in the popliteal fossa, found by holding the bent knee.

57
Q

Where is the dorsalis pedis pulse located?

A

Located on top of the foot, immediately lateral to the extensor of hallucis longus (dorsalis pedis artery).

58
Q

Where is the tibial pulse located?

A

Medial side of the ankle, 2 cm inferior and 2 cm posterior to the medial malleolus (posterior tibial artery). It is easily palpable over Pimenta’s Point.

59
Q

Where do superficial veins run?

A

In subcutaneous tissue

60
Q

What are the two main superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great saphenous vein, and the small saphenous vein.

61
Q

What drains into the great saphenous vein?

A

Dorsal venous arch of the foot, and the dorsal vein of the great toe

62
Q

Where does the great saphenous ascend?

A

Ascends up the medial side of the leg, passing anteriorly to the medial malleolus at the ankle, and posteriorly to the medial condyle at the knee.

63
Q

Where does the greath saphenous terminate?

A

Terminates by draining into the femoral vein immediately inferior to the inguinal ligament.

64
Q

What drains into the small saphenous vein?

A

Dorsal venous arch of the foot, and the dorsal vein of the little toe.

65
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein ascend?

A

Moves up the posterior side of the leg, passing posteriorly to the lateral malleolus, along the lateral border of the calcaneal tendon.

66
Q

What does the small saphenous vein pass inbetween?

A

Between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle

67
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein drain?

A

Into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa

68
Q

What is the plantar arch?

A

The plantar arch is a circulatory anastomosis formed from: deep plantar artery, from the dorsalis pedis

69
Q

What does the dorsalis pedis flow into?

A

Deep plantar artery?

70
Q

How does blood drain from the lower limbs?

A

Venous blood flows from the skin to superficial veins, which drain into the deep veins.

71
Q

What prevents backflow of blood in the veins?

A

Valves

72
Q

What can happen if valves become incompetent?

A

Blood can flow back into the superficial veins from deep veins (backflow)

73
Q

What does backflow result in?

A

Increased intra-luminal pressure in superficial veins, which the veins cannot withstand, causing them to become dilated and tortuous. This condition is known as varicose veins.

74
Q

What assists venous flow?

A

Muscle pump around the veins

75
Q

What is a fascial compartment?

A

Fascial compartment is a section within the body that contains muscles and nerves and is surrounded by fascia.

76
Q

Why must fascia be very thick surrounding a compartment?

A

Great pressure placed on the leg, fascia is very thick in order to support the leg muscles.

77
Q

Why can fascia cause problems?

A

If there is any inflammation or leakage, there is no space for expansion - can lead to compartment syndrome

78
Q

Do lymph vessels have valves?

A

Yes

79
Q

Where are the majority of lymph nodes located in the upper extremity?

A

Axilla

80
Q

What nodes receive most of the breast drainage? Why is this significant?

A

Pectoral (anterior nodes)

Breast cancer can metastasise

81
Q

Which nodes collect mainly from the upper limb?

A

Humeral

82
Q

What do the axillary ducts converge into?

A

Subclavian lymphatic trunk

83
Q

Where do the left and right subclavian lymphatic trunks drain into?

A

The right subclavian trunk continues to form the right lymphatic duct, and enters the right venous angle (junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins) directly.

The left subclavian trunk drains directly into the thoracic duct.

84
Q

Where do the lymph vessels in the lower limb follow?

A

The deep lymphatic vessels follow the major deep veins

The superficial lymphatic vessels follow the superficial veins

85
Q

Where are the majority of the lower limb lymph nodes?

A

Inguinal region

86
Q

Where are there also lymph nodes in the lower limb? (not inguinal)

A

Popliteal nodes

87
Q

The great saphenous vein lies superficial to the fascia lata of the thigh…

A

True

88
Q

The femoral vein lies lateral to the femoral artery as it passes beneath the inguinal ligament

A

False, lies medial

89
Q

Describe the order of femoral nerve artery and vein in femoral triange?

A

Lateral - nerve - artery - vein - medial

90
Q

Where is the main supply to the femur?

A

Anastomosis around its neck

91
Q

The name of the vessel which lies in close proximity to the cords of the brachial plexus..

A

Axillary artery

92
Q

In the cubital fossa the brachial artery lies very close to the ulnar nerve

A

False

The Ulnar nerve is not a content of the cubital fossa.

93
Q

Femoral artery branches

A

Profunda femoris - circumflex

Gross anatomy (17 decks)

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