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Male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic part
Membranous part
Penile part

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2
Q

What are the sites of spermatozoa production?

A

Coiled seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

What part of the epididymis is connected to the superior part of the testis?

A

Head

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4
Q

Where do the coiled seminiferous tubules drain?

A

Rete testis

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5
Q

Where does the rete testis drain?

A

Tubules - vasa efferentia

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6
Q

Where do the vasa efferentia drain?

A

Coiled duct of epididymis

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7
Q

What does the epididymis become as it moves away from the testis?

A

Vas deferens

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8
Q

How does the vas deferens reach the urethra?

A

Enters spermatic cord, passes through inguinal canal.

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9
Q

Which surface of abdominal wall do the testes develop in the embryo?

A

Posterior

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10
Q

What occurs the the developing testis during development?

A

The descend obliquely

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11
Q

As testis descend what do they pass through?

A

Muscle layers of anterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

What anatomical feature does the testicle descent form?

A

Inguinal canal

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13
Q

When do testes complete their descent?

A

A few weeks before birth

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14
Q

What is the initial out-pouching initiating the descent of testes called?

A

Processus vaginalis

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15
Q

What layers does the testicle acquire as it descends?

A

Processus vaginalis
Transversalis fascia
Internal oblique muscle
Aponeurosis of external oblique

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16
Q

Why does the transversus abdominus not contribute to the layers acquired by the descending testicle?

A

Processus vaginalis passes below the arch formed by these muscle fibres.

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17
Q

What guides the testes in their descent?

A

Gubernaculum

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18
Q

In the adult, what four layers cover the testis and epididymis and what are they derived from?

A

Tunica vaginalis (as embyro)

Internal spermatic fascia (transveralis fascia)

Cremaster muscle (internal oblique)

Outer external spermatic fascia (from apopneurosis of external oblique)

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19
Q

What innervates the cremaster muscle ?

A

Genital branch of he genitofemoral nerve

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20
Q

What is the role of the outer muscular fascia of the testicle?

A

Work in concert to regulate the temperature of the testis, which needs to be slightly cooler than body temperature for optimum spermatogenesis.

They also draw the testes close to the body as a protective response.

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21
Q

What divides the scrotum internally into left and right compartments?

A

Dartos fascia

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22
Q

What artery supplies each testis?

A

Testicular artery, a branch of abdominal aorta

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23
Q

How does blood drain from the testicles into one single vein (on each side)?

A

Testicular veins form a convoluted pampiniform plexus, which forms three or four veins in the inguinal canal which then ultimately unite to form a single vein.

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24
Q

Where does the left testicular vein drain?

A

Left renal vein

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25
Where does right testicular vein drain?
Directly to IVC
26
What nerves supply the smooth muscle of the vessels in spermatic cord?
Sympathetic
27
What spine roots to the sympathetic nerves come from that innervate the spermatic cord?
L1-L2
28
What spinal level do visceral afferents from the spermatic cord reach?
T-10
29
What nerve innervates the motor of cremaster and sensory of anterior scrotum?
Genital branch of Genitofemoral
30
Level of gential branch of genitofemoral nerve?
L1-L2
31
What fibres innervates the dartos muscle?
Sympathetic fibres
32
What nerve travels through part of the inguinal canal, but is not contained within the spermatic cord?
Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
33
What is the embryological origin of the vas deferens?
Mesonephric duct
34
How does the vas deferens enter the pelvic cavity?
Deep inguinal ring
35
What is the ejaculatory duct?
Where the seminal vesicle joins the vas deferens
36
Where do the ejaculatory ducts feed into?
The prostatic part of the urethra
37
What supplies the smooth muscle in the walls of the ducti deferentes, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts in order for contractions?
Sympathetics
38
Why is contraction of the vas deferens, and seminal vesicle essential?
Allows normal ejaculation of semen
39
Do seminal vesicles store sperm?
No
40
What do seminal vesicles store?
Thick alkaline fluid containing fructose
41
Why do seminal vesicles store fructose?
Energy source for sperm
42
What % of seminal fluid are the seminal vesicles responsible for secreting?
70%
43
Is the prostate superior or inferior to the bladder?
Inferior
44
What part of the urethra does the prostate surround?
The prostatic part
45
Where do the ducts of the gladular parts of the prostate open into?
The prostatic ureter
46
What are the glandular components of the prostate are surrounded by?
A fibromuscular stroma, a composite of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue
47
What innervates the prostate?
Sympathetic stimulation
48
What does contraction of the smooth muscle of the prostate cause?
Contraction adds the prostatic secretions to the ejaculate
49
What % of seminal fluid is the prostate responsible for?
30%
50
Why is seminal fluid alkali?
Neutralise the acidity of the vagina
51
What anchors the prostate anteriorly?
Puboprostatic ligaments
52
What anchors the prostate laterally?
Condensations of the pelvic fascia
53
Where does lymph drain from the testis?
Para-aortic nodes
54
Where does Lymph drain from seminal vesicles, prostate, ducti deferentes and deep / proximal structures of the penis ?
Internal iliac lymph nodes.
55
Where does Lymph drain from the superficial penis (e.g. skin) and scrotum ?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
56
Where does lymph drain from the glans of the penis and distal spongy urethra?
Deep inguinal nodes
57
What is the corpora cavernosa?
Mass of erectile tissue that runs left and right laterally in penis
58
Where are the crus of the corpus cavernosa of the penis attached to ?
Ischiopubic ramus
59
What is the proximal corpus spongiosum attached to ?
The perineal membrane
60
What forms to root of the penis?
The bulb and crura
61
What is the proximal part o f the corpus spongiosum known as?
The bulb
62
What are the proximal parts of the corpus cavernosum known as
The crura
63
What lies at the distal end of the corpus spongiosum?
The glans
64
What covers each crus?
Ischiocavernosus muscle
65
What does the ischiocavernosus muscle do?
Force blood from the crura into the distal parts of the corpus cavernosum, increasing the distension of the penis during erection and compressing the veins leaving the crus of the penis, restricting venous outflow, maintaining erection.
66
What muscle covers the bulb?
Bulbospongiosus muscle
67
What does bulbospongiosus do?
Assists in the emptying of the spongy urethra of residual urine or semen.
68
What are the three main superficial perineal muscles?
Superficial transverse perineal muscles Ischiocavernosus muscle Bulbospongiosus muscle.
69
What three cylinders of erectile tissue does the body of the penis contain ?
Two corpora cavernosa lying adjacent to each other Corpus spongiosum lying ventrally
70
Which mass of erectile tissue surrounds the urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
71
Where is the foreskin attached?
The junction between the glans and the body
72
What separates the blood spaces in erectile tissue?
Trabeculae of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle
73
What artery supplies the erectile tissue of the penis?
Deep branch of the pudenal artery
74
What artery supplies the superficial tissues of the penis?
Dorsal branch of the pudenal artery
75
What veins drain the deep and superficial tissues of the penis?
Dorsal veins
76
In the relaxed state does blood flow through the helicine arteries and blood sinuses?
No
77
What nervous stimulation leads to eretion?
Parasympathetic (not pudendal) S2-S4
78
What does the parasympathetic innervation do in the penis?
Causes muscular walls of the spiral arteries relax, resulting in increased blood flow to the vascular spaces in the corpora.
79
What does increased blood flow in the penis cause?
Increasing pressure not only generates turgidity of the tissue, but also impairs venous return and results in further distension. As a result of the increased blood in the corpora and the arrangement of fibrous tissue around them, the penis becomes erect (tumescence).
80
What innervation leads to the contraction of the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles?
Somatic pudenal nerve
81
What innervation causes the peristaltic contraction of vas deferens (emission)?
Sympathetic L1-L2
82
What nerve control triggers ejaculation?
Primarily somatic pudenal S2-S4
83
What occurs in ejaculation?
Rhythmic contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscle, the action of which is to expel semen from the bulb of the penis, along the spongy urethra and through the external urethral orifice.
84
What prevents backflux of semen into the bladder during ejaculation?
The internal urethral sphincter closes
85
What branches does the internal iliac artery (anterior branch) give in males?
Umbilical artery Superior vesical arteries Obturator artery Internal pudendal artery The inferior vesical artery (supplies the bladder, seminal vesical and prostate)
86
How does the internal pudenal artery gain access to the perineal region?
Enters the lesser sciatic foramen
87
What 3 branches does the internal pudenal artery give off?
Supply the superficial anal region The inferior rectal artery Perineal artery supplies the superficial musculature of the perineum as well as the posterior scrotum.
88
What artery supplies the anterior scrotum?
External pudenal artery
89
Is the testis attached to the scrotal sac? If so where?
yes, Posterior wall
90
Describe scrotal blood supply?
Posterior - internal pudenal Anterior - exterior pudenal
91
Where does testis lymph drain?
Testis lymph drains to para-aortic nodes around the origin of the testicular arteries from the aorta at L2.
92
Are the epididymis and testis fully surrounded by tunica vaginalis?
No, the tunica vaginals covers only the anterior and lateral aspects of the testis and epididymis; their posterior aspect is attached to the posterior wall of the scrotum.
93
What is the 'appendix of the testis' a remnant of?
The paramesonephric duct
94
Describe the nerve supply of Scrotal skin
Supplied anteriorly by L1 fibres (ilioinguinal), posteriorly by S3, 4 fibres (pudendal)
95
What stimulates the seminal vesicles?
Testosterone
96
What stores spermatozoa prior to emission?
Vas deferens
97
Transition zone of the prostate
Anterolateral to the proximal urethra, benign hyperplasia often occurs here
98
Peripheral zone of the prostate
Surrounds the more distal urethra accounting for ~70% of volume - cancer commonly occurs here
99
Nerve supply of testis, vas deferens and epididymis
Sympathetic T1-L1
100
Nerve supply of the outer testis, tunica vaginalis and anterior scrotum
Somatic L1-L2 genitofemoral (Cremaster) and ilioinguinal
101
Nerve supply of the rest of the scrotum
S2-S3 somatic
102
Where does congenital hydrocele gather?
Between the pareital and visceral layers of tunica vaginalis
103
What is a varicoele?
Abnormal dilation of testicular veins of pampiniform plexus
104
What side is a testicular varicoele more common on and why?
Left due to the angle at which the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein and lack of valves
105
Testicular torsion cause
Spermatic cord twists within the tunica vaginalis
106
Normal descent of testes timing
28 weeks reach inguinal canals, 28-40 weeks they descend to scrotum
107
Vasectomy process
Ligation of vas deferens

Gross anatomy (17 decks)

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