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Gross anatomy > Male reproductive system > Flashcards

Male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic part
Membranous part
Penile part

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2
Q

What are the sites of spermatozoa production?

A

Coiled seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

What part of the epididymis is connected to the superior part of the testis?

A

Head

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4
Q

Where do the coiled seminiferous tubules drain?

A

Rete testis

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5
Q

Where does the rete testis drain?

A

Tubules - vasa efferentia

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6
Q

Where do the vasa efferentia drain?

A

Coiled duct of epididymis

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7
Q

What does the epididymis become as it moves away from the testis?

A

Vas deferens

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8
Q

How does the vas deferens reach the urethra?

A

Enters spermatic cord, passes through inguinal canal.

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9
Q

Which surface of abdominal wall do the testes develop in the embryo?

A

Posterior

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10
Q

What occurs the the developing testis during development?

A

The descend obliquely

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11
Q

As testis descend what do they pass through?

A

Muscle layers of anterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

What anatomical feature does the testicle descent form?

A

Inguinal canal

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13
Q

When do testes complete their descent?

A

A few weeks before birth

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14
Q

What is the initial out-pouching initiating the descent of testes called?

A

Processus vaginalis

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15
Q

What layers does the testicle acquire as it descends?

A

Processus vaginalis
Transversalis fascia
Internal oblique muscle
Aponeurosis of external oblique

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16
Q

Why does the transversus abdominus not contribute to the layers acquired by the descending testicle?

A

Processus vaginalis passes below the arch formed by these muscle fibres.

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17
Q

What guides the testes in their descent?

A

Gubernaculum

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18
Q

In the adult, what four layers cover the testis and epididymis and what are they derived from?

A

Tunica vaginalis (as embyro)

Internal spermatic fascia (transveralis fascia)

Cremaster muscle (internal oblique)

Outer external spermatic fascia (from apopneurosis of external oblique)

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19
Q

What innervates the cremaster muscle ?

A

Genital branch of he genitofemoral nerve

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20
Q

What is the role of the outer muscular fascia of the testicle?

A

Work in concert to regulate the temperature of the testis, which needs to be slightly cooler than body temperature for optimum spermatogenesis.

They also draw the testes close to the body as a protective response.

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21
Q

What divides the scrotum internally into left and right compartments?

A

Dartos fascia

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22
Q

What artery supplies each testis?

A

Testicular artery, a branch of abdominal aorta

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23
Q

How does blood drain from the testicles into one single vein (on each side)?

A

Testicular veins form a convoluted pampiniform plexus, which forms three or four veins in the inguinal canal which then ultimately unite to form a single vein.

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24
Q

Where does the left testicular vein drain?

A

Left renal vein

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25
Q

Where does right testicular vein drain?

A

Directly to IVC

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26
Q

What nerves supply the smooth muscle of the vessels in spermatic cord?

A

Sympathetic

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27
Q

What spine roots to the sympathetic nerves come from that innervate the spermatic cord?

A

L1-L2

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28
Q

What spinal level do visceral afferents from the spermatic cord reach?

A

T-10

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29
Q

What nerve innervates the motor of cremaster and sensory of anterior scrotum?

A

Genital branch of Genitofemoral

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30
Q

Level of gential branch of genitofemoral nerve?

A

L1-L2

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31
Q

What fibres innervates the dartos muscle?

A

Sympathetic fibres

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32
Q

What nerve travels through part of the inguinal canal, but is not contained within the spermatic cord?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)

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33
Q

What is the embryological origin of the vas deferens?

A

Mesonephric duct

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34
Q

How does the vas deferens enter the pelvic cavity?

A

Deep inguinal ring

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35
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

Where the seminal vesicle joins the vas deferens

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36
Q

Where do the ejaculatory ducts feed into?

A

The prostatic part of the urethra

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37
Q

What supplies the smooth muscle in the walls of the ducti deferentes, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts in order for contractions?

A

Sympathetics

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38
Q

Why is contraction of the vas deferens, and seminal vesicle essential?

A

Allows normal ejaculation of semen

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39
Q

Do seminal vesicles store sperm?

A

No

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40
Q

What do seminal vesicles store?

A

Thick alkaline fluid containing fructose

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41
Q

Why do seminal vesicles store fructose?

A

Energy source for sperm

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42
Q

What % of seminal fluid are the seminal vesicles responsible for secreting?

A

70%

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43
Q

Is the prostate superior or inferior to the bladder?

A

Inferior

44
Q

What part of the urethra does the prostate surround?

A

The prostatic part

45
Q

Where do the ducts of the gladular parts of the prostate open into?

A

The prostatic ureter

46
Q

What are the glandular components of the prostate are surrounded by?

A

A fibromuscular stroma, a composite of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue

47
Q

What innervates the prostate?

A

Sympathetic stimulation

48
Q

What does contraction of the smooth muscle of the prostate cause?

A

Contraction adds the prostatic secretions to the ejaculate

49
Q

What % of seminal fluid is the prostate responsible for?

A

30%

50
Q

Why is seminal fluid alkali?

A

Neutralise the acidity of the vagina

51
Q

What anchors the prostate anteriorly?

A

Puboprostatic ligaments

52
Q

What anchors the prostate laterally?

A

Condensations of the pelvic fascia

53
Q

Where does lymph drain from the testis?

A

Para-aortic nodes

54
Q

Where does Lymph drain from seminal vesicles, prostate, ducti deferentes and deep / proximal structures of the penis ?

A

Internal iliac lymph nodes.

55
Q

Where does Lymph drain from the superficial penis (e.g. skin) and scrotum ?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

56
Q

Where does lymph drain from the glans of the penis and distal spongy urethra?

A

Deep inguinal nodes

57
Q

What is the corpora cavernosa?

A

Mass of erectile tissue that runs left and right laterally in penis

58
Q

Where are the crus of the corpus cavernosa of the penis attached to ?

A

Ischiopubic ramus

59
Q

What is the proximal corpus spongiosum attached to ?

A

The perineal membrane

60
Q

What forms to root of the penis?

A

The bulb and crura

61
Q

What is the proximal part o f the corpus spongiosum known as?

A

The bulb

62
Q

What are the proximal parts of the corpus cavernosum known as

A

The crura

63
Q

What lies at the distal end of the corpus spongiosum?

A

The glans

64
Q

What covers each crus?

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

65
Q

What does the ischiocavernosus muscle do?

A

Force blood from the crura into the distal parts of the corpus cavernosum, increasing the distension of the penis during erection and compressing the veins leaving the crus of the penis, restricting venous outflow, maintaining erection.

66
Q

What muscle covers the bulb?

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

67
Q

What does bulbospongiosus do?

A

Assists in the emptying of the spongy urethra of residual urine or semen.

68
Q

What are the three main superficial perineal muscles?

A

Superficial transverse perineal muscles

Ischiocavernosus muscle

Bulbospongiosus muscle.

69
Q

What three cylinders of erectile tissue does the body of the penis contain ?

A

Two corpora cavernosa lying adjacent to each other

Corpus spongiosum lying ventrally

70
Q

Which mass of erectile tissue surrounds the urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

71
Q

Where is the foreskin attached?

A

The junction between the glans and the body

72
Q

What separates the blood spaces in erectile tissue?

A

Trabeculae of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle

73
Q

What artery supplies the erectile tissue of the penis?

A

Deep branch of the pudenal artery

74
Q

What artery supplies the superficial tissues of the penis?

A

Dorsal branch of the pudenal artery

75
Q

What veins drain the deep and superficial tissues of the penis?

A

Dorsal veins

76
Q

In the relaxed state does blood flow through the helicine arteries and blood sinuses?

A

No

77
Q

What nervous stimulation leads to eretion?

A

Parasympathetic (not pudendal) S2-S4

78
Q

What does the parasympathetic innervation do in the penis?

A

Causes muscular walls of the spiral arteries relax, resulting in increased blood flow to the vascular spaces in the corpora.

79
Q

What does increased blood flow in the penis cause?

A

Increasing pressure not only generates turgidity of the tissue, but also impairs venous return and results in further distension.

As a result of the increased blood in the corpora and the arrangement of fibrous tissue around them, the penis becomes erect (tumescence).

80
Q

What innervation leads to the contraction of the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles?

A

Somatic pudenal nerve

81
Q

What innervation causes the peristaltic contraction of vas deferens (emission)?

A

Sympathetic L1-L2

82
Q

What nerve control triggers ejaculation?

A

Primarily somatic pudenal S2-S4

83
Q

What occurs in ejaculation?

A

Rhythmic contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscle, the action of which is to expel semen from the bulb of the penis, along the spongy urethra and through the external urethral orifice.

84
Q

What prevents backflux of semen into the bladder during ejaculation?

A

The internal urethral sphincter closes

85
Q

What branches does the internal iliac artery (anterior branch) give in males?

A

Umbilical artery

Superior vesical arteries

Obturator artery

Internal pudendal artery

The inferior vesical artery (supplies the bladder, seminal vesical and prostate)

86
Q

How does the internal pudenal artery gain access to the perineal region?

A

Enters the lesser sciatic foramen

87
Q

What 3 branches does the internal pudenal artery give off?

A

Supply the superficial anal region

The inferior rectal artery

Perineal artery supplies the superficial musculature of the perineum as well as the posterior scrotum.

88
Q

What artery supplies the anterior scrotum?

A

External pudenal artery

89
Q

Is the testis attached to the scrotal sac? If so where?

A

yes, Posterior wall

90
Q

Describe scrotal blood supply?

A

Posterior - internal pudenal

Anterior - exterior pudenal

91
Q

Where does testis lymph drain?

A

Testis lymph drains to para-aortic nodes around the origin of the testicular arteries from the aorta at L2.

92
Q

Are the epididymis and testis fully surrounded by tunica vaginalis?

A

No, the tunica vaginals covers only the anterior and lateral aspects of the testis and epididymis; their posterior aspect is attached to the posterior wall of the scrotum.

93
Q

What is the ‘appendix of the testis’ a remnant of?

A

The paramesonephric duct

94
Q

Describe the nerve supply of Scrotal skin

A

Supplied anteriorly by L1 fibres (ilioinguinal), posteriorly by S3, 4 fibres (pudendal)

95
Q

What stimulates the seminal vesicles?

A

Testosterone

96
Q

What stores spermatozoa prior to emission?

A

Vas deferens

97
Q

Transition zone of the prostate

A

Anterolateral to the proximal urethra, benign hyperplasia often occurs here

98
Q

Peripheral zone of the prostate

A

Surrounds the more distal urethra accounting for ~70% of volume - cancer commonly occurs here

99
Q

Nerve supply of testis, vas deferens and epididymis

A

Sympathetic T1-L1

100
Q

Nerve supply of the outer testis, tunica vaginalis and anterior scrotum

A

Somatic L1-L2 genitofemoral (Cremaster) and ilioinguinal

101
Q

Nerve supply of the rest of the scrotum

A

S2-S3 somatic

102
Q

Where does congenital hydrocele gather?

A

Between the pareital and visceral layers of tunica vaginalis

103
Q

What is a varicoele?

A

Abnormal dilation of testicular veins of pampiniform plexus

104
Q

What side is a testicular varicoele more common on and why?

A

Left due to the angle at which the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein and lack of valves

105
Q

Testicular torsion cause

A

Spermatic cord twists within the tunica vaginalis

106
Q

Normal descent of testes timing

A

28 weeks reach inguinal canals, 28-40 weeks they descend to scrotum

107
Q

Vasectomy process

A

Ligation of vas deferens

Gross anatomy (17 decks)

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