Spine

Question 1

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

Answer 1

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Caudal

Question 2

What is the vertebral formula for the dog?

Answer 2

C7
T13
L7
S3
Cd 20-24

Question 3

What is the vertebral formula for the horse?

Answer 3

C7
T18
L6
S5
Cd 20

Question 4

What is the cranial vertebra body like?

Answer 4

Convex

Question 5

What is the caudal vertebra body like?

Answer 5

Concave

Question 6

What does the vertebral arch consist of?

Answer 6

2 lamina and 2 pedicles

Question 7

What do the cranial and caudal notches join to form?

Answer 7

Intervertebral foramen

Question 8

Describe the transverse processes

Answer 8

Project to each side at the junction of the body and arch
These processes arise at the level of the intervertebral foramina and divide the muscles of the trunk into dorsal and ventral divisions

Question 9

What kind of joint connects the restricted parts of the arches?

Answer 9

Fibrous

Question 10

What is the joint that is located between the skull and the atlas?

Answer 10

Atlanto-occiptal joint

Question 11

What are the characteristics that distinguish the seventh cervical vertebra from all other cervical-vertebrae?

Answer 11

Has a costal fovea
Taller spinous process
Does not have transverse foramen

Question 12

On what regions of the vertebra do the ribs articulate?

Answer 12

Cranial and caudal costal fovea between 2 vertebrae

Question 13

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

Answer 13

Transverse process (transverse costal fovea)

Question 14

Which vertebra has costal fovea?

Answer 14

Thoracic

Question 15

Which part of the sacrum is identified as a reference in obstetrics?

Answer 15

Sacral promontory

Question 16

What is the joint between C1 and C2?

Answer 16

Atlanto-axial joint

Question 17

What ligament minimizes the effects of disk rupture?

Answer 17

Intercapital ligament

Question 18

Where is the nuchal ligament?

Answer 18

C2 to T1

Question 19

What is it called where the rib joins the cartilage?

Answer 19

Costo-chondral junciton

Question 20

What is the most cranial portion of the sternum?

Answer 20

Manubrium

Question 21

What is the strongest epaxial muscle system?

Answer 21

Longissimus system

Question 22

What makes up the epaxial muscles?

Answer 22

Iliocostalis system
Longissiumus system
Transversospinalis system

Question 23

What makes up the iliocostalis system?

Answer 23

Iliocostalis thoracis

Iliocostalis lumborum

Question 24

What makes up the longissiumus system?

Answer 24

Longissimus capitis
Longissimus cervicis
Longissimus thoracis
Longissimus lumborum

Question 25

What makes up the transversospinalis system?

Answer 25

``` Splenius Semispinalis capitis --biventer cervicis --complexus Multifidis thoracis Multifidis lumborum ```

Question 26

What are the hypaxial muscles?

Answer 26

``` Sternocephalicus --mastoid part --occipital Sternohyoideus Sternothyroideus Longus capitis Longus colli ```

Question 27

What are the flexor muscles of the neck and tail?

Answer 27

Hypaxial

Question 28

If a pin were to be inserted through the spine at the ribs, what ligaments would it go trough ventral to dorsal?

Answer 28

``` Ventral longitudinal ligament Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Anulus fibrosus Intercapital ligament Dorsal longitudinal ligament Interarcuate ligament Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament ```

Question 29

Where does IVDD occur?

Answer 29

In the caudal-thoracic and lumbar vertebra

Question 30

How many synovial joints are on a thoracic vertebra?

Answer 30

12: 4 cranial and caudal articular surfaces, 4 cranial and caudal costal surfaces, and 4 articulation places for the tubercle and head of rib

Question 31

How many fibrocartilaginous joints are on a thoracic vertebra?

Answer 31

2 for the cranial and caudal surface of the body

Question 32

How many joints are there total on a thoracic lumbar vertebra?

Answer 32

14

Question 33

What makes up the spinous process?

Answer 33

2 lamina

Question 34

What makes up the transverse process?

Answer 34

Body and pedicle

Question 35

What makes up the articular process?

Answer 35

Lamina and pedicle