Anatomy of Birds Flashcards
How many cervical vertebrae do fowl and duck have?
14
How many thoracic vertebrae do chickens have?
7
What is the notarium in chicken?
Last cervical and 2 first thoracic vertebrae
How many ribs do chickens have?
7 pairs
What is the synsacrum formed by?
Last one or two thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae
First caudal vertebra
What makes up the shoulder girdle?
Scapula
Coracoid bone
Clavicles
What area is covered with scales?
Tarsometatarsus
Where can viruses replicate causing it to break in the hock?
Tendon of the gastrocnemius
When do spurs come?
When a rooster reaches sexual maturity
What bones act as part of the respiratory system (pneumatic bones)?
Skull Humerus Clavicle Sternum Pelvic girdle Lumbar and sacral vertebrae
How do bones act as a part of the respiratory system?
They are hollow and filled with air
What bones are medullary bones?
Long bones
Femur and tibiotarsus
When is medullary bone formed?
When chickens reach sexual maturity
What is medullary bone a source of?
Ca for eggshell formation
What are the 2 types of muscular fibers?
White fibers
Red fibers
What makes red fibers the way they are?
They are muscles with high metabolic demand
What happens when the pectoralis major muscle contracts?
The wings move down
What are the 3 chambers oronasal cavity?
Rostral
Middle
Caudal
What are the nasal and oral cavity connected by?
Choanal cleft
What is the airflow?
Nostrils Nasal part of oronasal cavity Passes through turbinates Passes through palatine cleft to oral part of oronasal cavity Pharynx Larnyx Trachea Bronchi Primary bonchi
Why are the rings in the trachea closed in birds?
When birds fly they suffer from impact of the air and otherwise the trachea would not be able to close
What is responsible for vocalization?
Syrinx
What is the functional unit of the lung?
Parabronchi, which ramify into air capillaries
What comprises most of the volume of the respiratory system?
Air sacs
What is the enzymatic stomach?
Proventriculus (glandular)
What is the muscular stomach?
Gizzard
What happens in the gizzard?
It produces movement, pressure, and rotation
What does the crop do?
Stores food
Add moisture
Some amylase activity
How is nitrogen excreted in chickens?
Uric acid
What is the cloaca?
An organ that is shared between the digestive tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract
How do ureters reach the cloaca?
Through the urodeum
How does the reproductive tract reach the cloaca?
Through the proctodeum
How does the digestive tract reach the cloaca?
Through the coprodeum
How many ovaries do hens have?
1, the left
What are prehierarchal follicles?
Follicles that remain small and are not functional
What do hierarchial follicles contribute to?
Yolk
What does the postovulatory follicle serve as?
A temporary CL
What are the parts of the left oviduct?
Infundibulum Magnum Isthmus Shell gland (uterus) Vagina
What happens in the infundibulum?
Engulfs ovum upon ovulation, fertilization, first layer of albumin is produced
Ovum resides here 18 minutes
Describe the magnum
Largest portion
Most of albumin is deposited
Ovum resides here 3 hours
Describe the isthmus
Both inner and outer shell membranes
Process takes 75 minutes
Describe the shell gland
Formation of the egg shell
Shell pigments are also deposited
Process takes approximately 20 hours
Describe the vagina
Produce cuticle and participates in expulsion of the egg
Spermatozoa are stored in uterovaginal junction
What is the vestigial penis?
Phallus
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Bursa
Thymus
Do chickens have lymph nodes?
No
What does the harderian gland do?
Lunricates the nictitating membrane
What happens in Marek’s disease?
The tumor cells invade the sciatic nerve
What are the combs important for?
Thermal regulation
What is a good indicator of the health condition of a chicken?
The comb
What lubricates the feathers?
Uropigeal gland
What are the feathers of the wings?
Remiges
What are the feathers of the body?
Contour feathers
What does the afterfeather provide?
Isothermic isolation
