Equine Flashcards
What is sweeney?
An injury to the suprascapular nerve
Causes the supraspinatus and the infraspinatus to atrophy
The shoulder cannot support when weight is placed on the limb
What is the triceps like in horses?
Does not have an accessory head
Truly 3 heads
What 2 muscles mirror each other?
Flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnaris lateralis
What do the ulnaris lateralis and the flexor carpi ulnaris cover?
The superficial digital flexor
What does the stay apparatus do?
Allows the horse to stand with minimal weight exertion
What makes up the stay apparatus?
Biceps brachii Lacertus fibrosus Extensor carpi radialis Palmar carpal ligament Suspensory apparatus
What makes up the suspensory apparatus?
Deep digital flexor tendon Suspensory ligament Straight sesamodiean ligament Oblique sesamodiean ligament Cruciate sesamodiean ligament Superficial digital flexor tendon
What does the palmar carpal ligament do?
Prevents carpal hyperextension
What is the suspensory ligament in horses analogous to in dogs?
Interosseous muscle
What does a severed superficial digital flexor tendon cause?
Slight fetlock drop
What does a severed deep digital flexor tendon cause?
Toe lift during weightbearing
What does a severed superficial digital flexor tendon and deep digital flexor tendon cause?
Pronounce fetlock drop with toe lift
What does a severed superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament cause?
Fetlock drops to the ground and toe lifts
What are flexural limb deformities though to be related to?
Disparity between rate of bone elongation and tendon elongation with growth
Proximal check ligament connects distal radius to superficial digital flexor tendon
Distal check ligament connects palmar carpal ligament to deep digital flexor tendon
What can cause the heel to lift (club foot conformation)? How can it be fixed?
Cannon bone (metacarpal III) grows faster than the deep digital flexor tendon can elongate By cutting the distal check ligament
What does rapid growth of the distal radius do?
Pulls up the proximal check ligament which results in an upright pastern with the fetlock joint knuckling forward, but it is more difficult to mange
How is P3 attached to the hoof wall?
Climbers
Describe climbers
Secondary epidermal laminae
Basal layer of living cells
Where is new hoof created?
At the junction of the skin and the hoof–coronary region
What are the advantages of a horse running on its toenails?
It gives the horse traction when it runs
Great for protection (hard thing running on a hard surface)
What are the disadvantages to a horse running on its toenail?
Could be bad if it cracks
If there is enough swelling, it could prevent blood flow from coming into the hoof, which could close the capillaries
What happens if P3 attachments are gone?
The coffin bone rotates
Why is it good for the hoof to have ridges (primary epidermal laminae)?
It increases surface area
How many primary epidermal laminae are there?
650
How many secondary epidermal laminae are there?
150 for each primary
How is blood brought to the hoof?
By palmar digital arteries on either side
Where do veins have valves?
Above P3
What is the dermis within the hoof called?
Corium
Describe the periople corium
Permeable in a way that keeps water out
Where does basal cell division occur?
Under the coronary corium
How does a nail go through the hoof to the coffin joint?
Frog Corium of the frog Digital cushion Deep digital flexor tendon Navicular bursa Impar ligament Coffin joint
How does a nail go through the hoof to the navicular bone?
Frog Corium of the frog Digital cushion Deep digital flexor tendon Navicular bursa Navicular bone
What are collagen ropes permanently anchored to?
P3
If you put a horse shoe on the horse, what do you want the nail to go through?
The dead part of the hoof wall
Do cells in the secondary epidermal laminae undergo cell division? Why?
No
Because the hoof would get thicker and thicker
Where is thymine take up?
In places with cell division
Where is the white line?
Between the sole and stratum medium
What happens when the hoof is torn away?
Germinal cells stay with the living hoof
Climbers start to pull down the new layer
What is the connection between the dermis and epidermis?
The basement membrane
Where do connections of the cell occur?
At the desmosome
What does the impar ligament attach?
To the distal border of the navicular bone to P3
What does the suspensory ligament of the navicular bone suspend?
The proximal border of the navicular from the dorsal P1
How is lameness diagnosed?
Start with the most distal part of the limb and move up with the block. If the animal is still lame below the block, it is not the problem
What are ligaments and tendons of the metacarpal from superficial to deep?
Superficial digital flexor tendon
Deep digital flexor tendon
Distal check ligament
Suspensory ligament
What are the blocks from distal to proximal? Look at the picture
Palmar digital block Abaxial sesamoid block Low palmar block High palmar block Manus block (3 locations)
