Equine Flashcards by Anika Eidson

What is sweeney?

An injury to the suprascapular nerve
Causes the supraspinatus and the infraspinatus to atrophy
The shoulder cannot support when weight is placed on the limb

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What is the triceps like in horses?

Does not have an accessory head

Truly 3 heads

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What 2 muscles mirror each other?

Flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnaris lateralis

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What do the ulnaris lateralis and the flexor carpi ulnaris cover?

The superficial digital flexor

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What does the stay apparatus do?

Allows the horse to stand with minimal weight exertion

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What makes up the stay apparatus?

Biceps brachii
Lacertus fibrosus
Extensor carpi radialis
Palmar carpal ligament
Suspensory apparatus

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What makes up the suspensory apparatus?

Deep digital flexor tendon
Suspensory ligament
Straight sesamodiean ligament
Oblique sesamodiean ligament
Cruciate sesamodiean ligament
Superficial digital flexor tendon

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What does the palmar carpal ligament do?

Prevents carpal hyperextension

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What is the suspensory ligament in horses analogous to in dogs?

Interosseous muscle

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What does a severed superficial digital flexor tendon cause?

Slight fetlock drop

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What does a severed deep digital flexor tendon cause?

Toe lift during weightbearing

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What does a severed superficial digital flexor tendon and deep digital flexor tendon cause?

Pronounce fetlock drop with toe lift

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What does a severed superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament cause?

Fetlock drops to the ground and toe lifts

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What are flexural limb deformities though to be related to?

Disparity between rate of bone elongation and tendon elongation with growth
Proximal check ligament connects distal radius to superficial digital flexor tendon
Distal check ligament connects palmar carpal ligament to deep digital flexor tendon

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What can cause the heel to lift (club foot conformation)? How can it be fixed?

Cannon bone (metacarpal III) grows faster than the deep digital flexor tendon can elongate
By cutting the distal check ligament

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What does rapid growth of the distal radius do?

Pulls up the proximal check ligament which results in an upright pastern with the fetlock joint knuckling forward, but it is more difficult to mange

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How is P3 attached to the hoof wall?

Climbers

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Describe climbers

Secondary epidermal laminae

Basal layer of living cells

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Where is new hoof created?

At the junction of the skin and the hoof–coronary region

What are the advantages of a horse running on its toenails?

It gives the horse traction when it runs

Great for protection (hard thing running on a hard surface)

What are the disadvantages to a horse running on its toenail?

Could be bad if it cracks

If there is enough swelling, it could prevent blood flow from coming into the hoof, which could close the capillaries

What happens if P3 attachments are gone?

The coffin bone rotates

Why is it good for the hoof to have ridges (primary epidermal laminae)?

It increases surface area

How many primary epidermal laminae are there?

650

How many secondary epidermal laminae are there?

150 for each primary

How is blood brought to the hoof?

By palmar digital arteries on either side

Where do veins have valves?

Above P3

What is the dermis within the hoof called?

Corium

Describe the periople corium

Permeable in a way that keeps water out

Where does basal cell division occur?

Under the coronary corium

How does a nail go through the hoof to the coffin joint?

``` Frog Corium of the frog Digital cushion Deep digital flexor tendon Navicular bursa Impar ligament Coffin joint ```

How does a nail go through the hoof to the navicular bone?

``` Frog Corium of the frog Digital cushion Deep digital flexor tendon Navicular bursa Navicular bone ```

What are collagen ropes permanently anchored to?

If you put a horse shoe on the horse, what do you want the nail to go through?

The dead part of the hoof wall

Do cells in the secondary epidermal laminae undergo cell division? Why?

No | Because the hoof would get thicker and thicker

Where is thymine take up?

In places with cell division

Where is the white line?

Between the sole and stratum medium

What happens when the hoof is torn away?

Germinal cells stay with the living hoof | Climbers start to pull down the new layer

What is the connection between the dermis and epidermis?

The basement membrane

Where do connections of the cell occur?

At the desmosome

What does the impar ligament attach?

To the distal border of the navicular bone to P3

What does the suspensory ligament of the navicular bone suspend?

The proximal border of the navicular from the dorsal P1

How is lameness diagnosed?

Start with the most distal part of the limb and move up with the block. If the animal is still lame below the block, it is not the problem

What are ligaments and tendons of the metacarpal from superficial to deep?

Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Distal check ligament Suspensory ligament

What are the blocks from distal to proximal? Look at the picture

``` Palmar digital block Abaxial sesamoid block Low palmar block High palmar block Manus block (3 locations) ```