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Kinesiology I > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Primary ______ occurs at birth while secondary _____ develops with motor maturation and upright posture.

A

Kyphosis; lordosis

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2
Q

Cobb angles: A flat thoracic spine would [decrease/increase] the angle while excessive kyphosis would [decrease/increase] the angle.

A

Decrease; increase

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3
Q

The line of gravity passing through the body passes through the _____ side of the apex of each region’s curvature

A

concave

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4
Q

Gravity produces a torque that helps maintain what?

A

Optimal shape of each spinal curvature

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5
Q

What must the external torque due to gravity be neutralized by?

A

Active forces in muscles or passive forces in connective tissues

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6
Q

What does exaggerated thoracic kyphosis do to lung space?

A

Reduces the space for the lungs to expand during deep breathing

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7
Q

What is a key factor in defining one’s instantaneous posture?

A

The spacial relationship between the line-of-gravity and the spinal curvatures

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8
Q

Where would the line of gravity pass in a swayback posture? What kind of torque would it produce?

A

Anterior to the lumbar region; constant flexion torque

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9
Q

What does extension of the trunk create in the different levels of the spine? flexion?

A

flattens out thoracic, increases lordosis in cervical and lumbar; increases kyphosis in thoracic, flattens out cervical, and flattens out or gives a kyphotic curve in lumbar

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10
Q

What is the mechanical purpose of the transverse and spinous processes?

A

mechanical outriggers or levers, that increase the mechanical leverage of muscles and ligaments

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11
Q

What is the mechanical purpose of the apophyseal joints?

A

primarily responsible for guiding intervertebral motion

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12
Q

How are most facet joints oriented?

A

somewhere between horizontal and vertical

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13
Q

How will facet joints move going into flexion?

A

The top facet will move superior and anterior (inferior facet will move on the superior facet)

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14
Q

What plane(s) do(es) the Tspine move in? Cspine? Lspine?

A

Frontal; Horizontal and frontal; vertical, sagittal

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15
Q

How do thoracic facet joints move? how do cervical facet joints move?

A

A lot of superior movement, a little anterior; superior and anterior

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16
Q

What are the primary functions of inter body joints?

A
  1. shock absorption
  2. load distribution
  3. stability btwn vertebrae
  4. site of axis rotation
  5. functions as deformable intervertebral space
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17
Q

About __% of the total height of the vertebral column is due to discs.

A

25

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18
Q

The ______ is the shock absorber part of the vertebral disc while the ______ provides support.

A

Nucleus pulposus; annulus fibrosus

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19
Q

What forces does the annulus fibrosis resist? how does it resist these forces?

A

distraction, shear and torsion; each layer is oriented in a different direction

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20
Q

Thin caps of hyaline and fibrocartilage located on superior and inferior surfaces of each vertebral body; allow nutrients to pass from blood vessels in the vertebral body to deeper regions of the disc; releases enzymes during injury that make the nucleus pulpous more liquidous

A

Vertebral endplates

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21
Q

About ___% of a load is carried through the inter body joint while ___% is carried by posterior structures such as apophyseal joints and laminae

A

80; 20

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22
Q

Displaced nucleus pulposus remains within annulus fibrosus

A

Protrusion

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23
Q

Nucleus pulpous reaches posterior edge of disc, remains confined

A

Prolapse

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24
Q

Annulus ruptures, allows nucleus to completely escape from dis into epidural space

A

Extrusion

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25
Q

Parts of nucleus and fragments of annulus become lodged within epidural space

A

Sequestriation

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26
Q

The nucleus is [hydrophobic/hydrophilic]

A

hydrophilic; disc swells during sleep and upright weight bearing forces water out

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27
Q

C1’s superior articular facets are ____ while its inferior facets are _____

A

Concave; flat to slightly concave

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28
Q

C1’s inferior surfaces facets face inferiorly; lateral edges sloped downward approx ___ degrees from horizontal plane

A

30

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29
Q

C2’s superior articular processes project laterally from the body; large and flat to slightly convex that have facets that face cranially exhibiting a ___ degree slope

A

30

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30
Q

A typical cervical vertebrae’s are oriented ___ degrees up from the horizontal plane; superior articular facets face ______ while the inferior facets face _______

A

45; posteriorly-superiorly; anterior-inferiorly

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31
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the atlanto-occipital joint have? what is it stabilized by?

A

2; flexion and extension, lat flex is slight); ant and post atlanto-occipital membrane, ant long lig

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32
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the atlanto-axial joint have?

A

2, axial rotation (½) and negligible flex/ext

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33
Q

How many degrees of freedom do the intracervical apophyseal joints (C2-7) have?

A

3

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34
Q

What does the tectorial membrane limit?

A

Extremes of flex/ext

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35
Q

What does alar ligaments limit? what are they clinically referred to as?

A

Axial rotation of the head and atlas relative to axis and lateral flexion; check ligaments

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36
Q

How do we describe motion at each segmental level?

A

Close (approximation), Open (separation), and sliding

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37
Q

Which law is defined as

“when the spine is in neutral, side bending to one side will be accompanied by horizontal rotation to the opposite side”

A

First law

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38
Q

Which law is defined as “When motion is introduced in one plane it will modify (reduce) motion in the other two planes”

A

Third law

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39
Q

Which law is defined as “When the spine is flexed or extended (non-neutral), side bending to one side will be accompanied by rotation to the same side”

A

Second law

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40
Q

According to fryette, when you’re standing in neutral position and laterally flex to the right, your spine will rotate to the _____.

A

left (1st law)

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41
Q

According to fryette, when you flex or hyperextend your spine and you laterally flex to the right, your spine will rotate to ______.

A

right (2nd law)

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42
Q

According to fryette, when you do any movement in one plane, there __________ in the other planes.

A

won’t be as much motion (3rd law)

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43
Q

About _____% of sagittal plane motion occurs at the atlanto-occipital and altanto-axial joints.

A

20-25%

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44
Q

What is the ROM of cervical flexion? extension? total?

A

45-50; 70-85; 130-135

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45
Q

During cervical rotation, the inferior facets slide _____ and slightly ____ on the same side as rotation, and _____ and slightly _____ on the side opposite the rotation.

A

posteriorly; inferiorly; anteriorly; superiorly

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46
Q

During cervical rotation, the same [opening/closing] occurs on the side the spine is rotating towards while [opening/closing] occurs on the opposite side.

A

closing; opening

47
Q

About ____ the axial rotation occurs at the atlanto-axial joint.

A

1/2

48
Q

What is the ROM for cervical rotation

A

90 degrees per side; 180 degrees total

49
Q

The inferior articular facets on the side of the lateral flexion slide _____ and slightly _____, while inferior articular facets on the side opposite the lateral flexion slide _____ and slightly _____

A

Inferiorly; posteriorly; superiorly; anteriorly

50
Q

What is the ROM of lateral flexion?

A

40 degrees per side, 80 degrees total (5 degrees may occur at AOJ, but most is C2-C7; AAJ lat flex is negligible)

51
Q

What is the first ligament to rupture is extreme cervical flexion?

A

Supraspinous ligament

52
Q

In C2-C7 spinal coupling, rotation and lateral flexion are in the ______ direction

A

same

53
Q

Cervical _______ flexes the lower to mid cervical spine and extends the upper craniocervical region

A

protraction

54
Q

Cervical ______ extends or straightens the lower to mid cervical spine

A

retraction

55
Q

What is the condition where nerve root in the cervical region is compromised; due to dehydrated/degenerated discs creating increased compression forces

A

Cervical osteophytes; bone spurs in areas of high stress, can encroach on exiting spinal nerve roots

56
Q

What are the 3 functions of vertebrae in the cervical region?

A
  1. Stable base for muscles to control craniocervical region
  2. Protects organs
  3. Mechanical support for breathing
57
Q

What plane are the thoracic facets in? what is the slope?

A

frontal plane, 30 degrees

58
Q

What is a normal spinal angle of thoracic spine? cervical? Lumbar?

A

40 degrees; 30-35 degrees; 45 degrees

59
Q

What is a ligament that limits flexion in the lumbar region that is not in the others?

A

Iliolumbar lig

60
Q

What’s the difference between spondylosis and spondylolithesis?

A

Spondylosis = anterior translation (fracture on one side), spondylolithesis = anterior translation with a fracture, grades I-IV (bilateral fracture)

61
Q

What ligaments stabilize the costovertebral joint?

A

Radiate and scapular ligaments

62
Q

What ligaments stabilize the costotransverse joint?

A

capsular (costotransverse) lig and superior constotransverse ligament

63
Q

What is the range of motion for thoracic spine in flex/ext? Rotation? Lat flex?

A

30-40 flex, 20-25 ext, 50-65 tot; 30 rot; 25 lat flex

64
Q

What is the range of motion for lumbar spine in flex/ext? Rotation? Lat flex?

A

40-50 flex, 15-20 ext, 55-70 tot; 5-7 rot; 20 lat flex

65
Q

Flexion in thoracic spine occurs by ______ and slightly _____ sliding of the inferior facet surfaces of superior vertebrae.

A

Superior; anterior

66
Q

Does rotation increase or decrease in cranial to caudal spine direction?

A

Decrease

67
Q

Juvenile osteoporosis; hereditary disease; associated with kyphosis

A

Scheuermann’s disease

68
Q

Compression function in vertebral leads to reduced height in vertebral bodies and increased kyphosis

A

Osteoporosis

69
Q

Deformity of vertebral column characterized by abnormal curvatures in all three planes (most notably in the frontal and horizontal)

A

Scoliosis

70
Q

Contralateral coupling pattern in scoliosis: Spinous processes of involved vert are rotated in the horizontal plane toward the side of concavity. Which side will rib hump occur?

A

convex side (of the spinous process)

71
Q

Which way do the superior facets face in the lumbar region? inferior facets? are they concave or convex?

A

medial to postero medial (concave); lateral to anterior-lateral (convex)

72
Q

What plane are the facet joints of the lumbar region oriented in?

A

Saggital plane (upper lumbar) to midway between sagittal and frontal (lower lumbar)

73
Q

What plane are the L5-S1 apophyseal joints oriented in?

A

Frontal

74
Q

The base of the sacrum is naturally inclined anteriorly and inferiorly forming and approx ___ degree horizontal angle while standing

A

40

75
Q

The frontal plane inclination of the facet surfaces of the L5-S1 junction resist ____________.

A

Anterior shear forces

76
Q

Sitting reduces lumbar lordosis by about _____ degrees

A

20-35

77
Q

Full flexion of the lumbar spin _____ the diameter of the itnervertebra foramina and volume of the vertebral canal. However it generates compression forces on the _____ side of the disc, migrating the nucleus pulpous ______.

A

Increases; anterior; posteriorly

78
Q

Opening of the facet joints during flexion occurs as the inferior facets of L2 move _____ and _____ relative to the superior facets of L3.

A

Superior; anterior

79
Q

What can sustained flexor positions do to lumbar facet joints?

A

damage them due to greater contact pressure

80
Q

What are the abnormal lumbopelevic rhythm?

A
  1. Restricted mobility at hip joints (greater flexion at lumbar and thoracic spine)
  2. lumbar region restriction (greater hip flexion = larger forces required from hip extensors which increase compression force at hips)
81
Q

What does full extension of the lumbar region do interns of load, contact, diameter of intervertebral foramina and vertebral canal volume, and migration of nucleus pulopsus?

A

increase load; increase area contact at facet joints; decrease diameter of intervertebral foramina and canal volume (closing); migrates nucleus pulpous anteriorly

82
Q

ROM for thoracolumbar rotation?

A

40

83
Q

Increased lumbar lordosis creates ____ pelvic tilt

A

Anterior

84
Q

Sitting in a slouched position, the pelvis is ______ tilted. Overtime it weakens the posterior annular fibrosis, reducing its ability to block a ______ and increased ________ at the base of the C-spine.

A

posteriorly; protruding nucleus pulposus; muscular stress

85
Q

What can severe hyperextension do to ligamentum flavum?

A

Can buckle it inward and pinch the spinal cord

86
Q

What ligament become taut in lateral flexion?

A

Inter transverse ligaments

87
Q

What limits flexion?

A
  1. Ligamentum niche
  2. Interspinous and supraspinous lig
  3. Ligamentum flava
  4. Facet capsules
  5. Posterior annulus
  6. Posterior longitudinal lig
88
Q

What limits extension?

A
  1. Cervical viscera
  2. Anterior annulus
  3. Anterior longitudinal lig
89
Q

What limits rotation?

A
  1. Annulus
  2. Facet capsules
  3. Alar ligs
90
Q

What limits lateral flexion?

A
  1. Intertransverse ligament
  2. Contralateral annulus
  3. Facet capsule
91
Q

What is the open pack position for the cervical spine? close pack?

A

Slight extension; full extension

92
Q

What is the open pack position for the thoracic spine? close pack?

A

midway between flexion and extension; extension

93
Q

What is the open pack position for the lumbar spine? close pack?

A

midway between flexion and extension; extension

94
Q

What can happen due to a lumbosacral fracture?

A

Damage the caudal equina; leads to pelvic floor dysfunction, muscle paralysis atrophy, altered sensation, reduced reflex

95
Q

What is the sacrum responsible for?

A

Weight transference (transmits weight of the vertebral column to the pelvis)

96
Q

The strength of the ________ depends on the fit and stability of the sacrum wedged between two halves of the pelvis

A

Pelvic ring

97
Q

What three ligaments primarily reinforce the sacroiliac joint?

A
  1. Anterior SI lig
  2. Interosseous lig
  3. Short and long posterior SI lig.s
98
Q

What two ligaments indirectly assist with the stabilization of the SI joint?

A
  1. sacrotuberous lig

2. Sacrospinous lig

99
Q

Nutation occurs by [anterior/posterior] sacral-on-iliac rotation, [anterior/posterior] ilium-on-sacral rotation, or by both motions occurring simultaneously.

A

Anterior; posterior

100
Q

What are the two functions of the sacroiliac joint?

A
  1. Stress relief within the pelvic ring

2. Stability during load transfer between the axial skeleton and lower limbs

101
Q

What is the close packed position of the SI joint?

A

Full nutation

102
Q

What 3 things create the stabilizing effect through nutation torques?

A
  1. Gravity and weight bearing
  2. Stretched ligaments (sacrotuberous and interosseous ligs which compress SI joint)
  3. Active muscle force (erector spinal, biceps femurs and rectus abdominis)
103
Q

Longus capitis and longus colli are_____

A

craniocervical flexors (longus capitis also laterally flexes)

104
Q

Rectus capitis anterior is primarily a _____ while rectus capitis laterals is primarily a ______.

A

Flexor; lateral flexor

105
Q

What creates a longus colli spasm which leads to weakness?

A

whiplash

106
Q

Which muscles/joints are usually under greater strain in an acceleration injury? why?

A

Anterior; hyperextension occurs over a large range of motion

107
Q

What is internal torque the product of?

A
  1. muscle force generated parallel to a plane

2. IMA length available to muscle

108
Q

What are the quickest muscles to fail in the erector spinal group?

A

multifidus

109
Q

What are the primary extrinsic muscular stabilizers?

A
  1. Abdominals
  2. Erector spinal
  3. Quadratus lumborum
  4. Psoas major
  5. “hip” m’s which connect pelvis with LE
110
Q

Thick connective tissue sheaths that crisscross as they traverse the midline

A

Linea alba

111
Q

What muscle is the dominant vertical stabilizer and increases lumbar lordosis due to anterior pelvic tilt?

A

Psoas major

112
Q

What is an example where torque demands are large during activities where body performs high-power axial rotations?

A

sprinting, wrestling or throwing a discus

113
Q

What is an example where torque demands are low?

A

walking

114
Q

What are 4 ways to reduce the amount of force in lifting?

A
  1. Reduce speed of lifting
  2. reduce magnitude of external load
  3. Reduce length of EMA (most effector for compression forces)
  4. Increase length of IMA (lumbar lordosis increases length)

Kinesiology I (13 decks)

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