Ribs

Question 1

Who do you name a rib?

Answer 1

by the superior costovertebral joint

Question 2

Where is the axis of rotation for the rib?

Answer 2

Through the costotransverse joint and the superior costocorporeal joint

Question 3

During inspiration the vertical diameter of the thorax is increased by..?

Answer 3

the contraction and subsequent lowering of the dome of the diaphragm muscle

Question 4

How does the shaft of the ribs move during inspiration?

Answer 4

perpendicular to the axis of rotation that courses between the costotransverse and costocorporeal joints

Question 5

How is expiration defined in terms of motion?

Answer 5

Rib flexion (thoracic flexion aids in forced expiration), closing, internal rotation, and downward motion

Question 6

What are the primary muscles of inspiration?

Answer 6

The diaphragm, scalene, and intercostals

Question 7

During inspiration, what direction of expansion does the elevation of the ribs cause?

Answer 7

Expansion AP and ML diameters

Question 8

What does contraction of the diaphragm cause in terms of expansion of diameters?

Answer 8

Expansion of AP, ML and vertical diameters of the thorax

Question 9

How is inspiration defined in terms of motion?

Answer 9

Rib extension (thoracic extension)/ opening/ upward motion

Question 10

What happens to the rib head and tubercle during inspiration?

Answer 10

They move downward

Question 11

What happens during right lateral flexion?

Answer 11

1. Right rib flexion/closing
2. Left rib extension/opening
3. Left rotation will most likely occur

Question 12

Boyle’s Law - At fixed temperature and mass, volume and pressure are [directly/inversely] proportional to each other.

Answer 12

inversely; the more capacity we have to depress, the more ability we have to draw in air

Question 13

The contraction of the primary muscles of inspiration increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. What is happening to pressure in the alveoli and what is the result?

Answer 13

Pressure is decreasing, which results in air being drawn into the lungs

Question 14

True or False:

In a healthy person, quiet exhalation is primarily a passive process.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration? during expiration?

Answer 15

Diaphragm contracts and lowers; diaphragm relaxes and recoils upward

Question 16

[Internal/ External] intercostals help with inhalation while [internal/ external] intercostals help with exhalation.

Answer 16

External; internal

Question 17

Do the upper or lower six ribs have more motion during breathing?

Answer 17

Lower 6; upper have 23-35 degrees of motion while the lower have 35-45 degrees

Question 18

Downward slope of ribs rotate ______ and _______ increasing intrathoracic volume in both A-P and M-L directions.

Answer 18

Upward; outward

Question 19

What changes occur during A-P and M-L during changes in intrathoracic volume?

Answer 19

1. Elevation and depression of ribs and sternum
2. Lower 6 ribs have motion similar to bucket handle
3. Upper 6 ribs have motion similar to a pump handle
4. Motion twists cartilage
5. Forced inspiration adds thoracic extension motion

Question 20

Upper rib motions facilitate the _____ and ______ motion of the sternum.

Answer 20

Upward; forward

Question 21

What happens during expiration?

Answer 21

1. Muscles of inspiration relax
2. Ribs and sternum return to pre inspiration position
3. Decrease in A-P and M-L diameters of thorax
4. Rib cartilage uncoils
5. Forced expiration combines thoracic flexion motion

Question 22

Diaphragm: the _______ part arises from upper margins of lower 6 ribs. The ______ part arises from posterior side of xiphoid process. The ______ part is attached to bodies of upper 3 lumbar vertebrae.

Answer 22

Costal; Sternal; Crural

Question 23

How much work does the diaphragm do for inspiration?

Answer 23

60-80%

Question 24

Decent of diaphragm is resisted by increase in __________. ____________ provides stabilization so diaphragm can elevate lower ribs.

Answer 24

Intra-abdominal pressure; Abdominal resistance

Question 25

What does bilateral contraction of the scalene muscles provide?

Answer 25

Elevation of the upper ribs and sternum

Question 26

What are the 3 layers of intercostals?

Answer 26

1. Externi
2. Interni
3. Intimi

interni fibers run perpendicular to externi fibers

Question 27

True or false:

Multiple muscles are recruited for forced inspiration by healthy individuals to increase rate and volume of inspired air, or these muscles are recruited to help compensate for weakness, fatigue, or reduced function of primary inspiration

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What muscles aid in forced expiration?

Answer 28

1. Four abdominal m’s
2. Transversus thoracis
3. Interosseous fibers of internal intercostals

Question 29

Where are the transverses thoracic muscles located?

Answer 29

internal anterior thoracic wall

Question 30

The space from the top of the diaphragm to the insertion of the diaphragm.

Answer 30

Zone of Apposition (ZOA)

Question 31

What happens to the ZOA as you breath in? Breathe out?

Answer 31

Decreases zone; increases zone

Question 32

With an overactive pelvic floor, the ZOA [increases/decreases}. What does this do to intra-abdominal pressure and inhalation?

Answer 32

increases; increased pressure; harder to inhale

Question 33

What becomes overactive when the diaphragm is underactive?

Answer 33

The thoracolumbar extensors, upper abdominals, piriformis, and hamstrings
-basically, overactive thoracolumbar extension to help with inhalation

Question 34

What happens to inhalation when the abdominal wall is weak?

Answer 34

Exhalation becomes more difficult due to thoracolumbar extensors being overactive

Question 35

If you are in a flexed position, breathing [in/out] will be more difficult while being extended will create more difficulty in breathing [in/out].

Answer 35

In/ out