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Anatomy > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Midline furrow down the back. Surface landmark that indicates the location of the vertebral spines; the erector spinae muscle masses lie on either side of it.

A

Vertebral furrow

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2
Q

Midline cleft between the buttocks. Lies between the gluteus maximus muscles.

A

Natal cleft

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3
Q

The C7 vertebra, so named because its spine is easily seen and palpitated. Indicates the level of transition from cervical to thoracic vertebrae.

A

Vertebra prominens

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4
Q

A bump located in the midline on the posterior surface of the occipital bone. The medial ends of the superior nuchal lines meet here, and the ligamentum nuchae attaches here.

A

External occipital protuberance

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5
Q

Junction between the C7 and T1 vertebrae

A

Cervicothoracic junction

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6
Q

The topographic region that is in line with the T3 spinous process

A

Scapular spine

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7
Q

The topographic region that is in line with the T7 spinous process

A

Inferior angle of the scapula

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8
Q

The topographic region that is in line with the T12 spinous process

A

12th rib

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9
Q

The topographic region that is in line with the L4 spinous process

A

Iliac crest

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10
Q

The topographic region that is in line with the S2 spinous process

A

Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

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11
Q

Curvature of the vertebral column that reflects the original shape of the embryo. Includes the thoracic and sacral regions.

A

Primary curvature

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12
Q

Regions of the spine that have primary curvature

A

Thoracic and Sacral regions

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13
Q

Curvatures of the spine that are concaved posteriorly and bring the center of gravity into a vertical line. Includes the cervical and lumbar regions. Develop during infancy/childhood.

A

Secondary curvature

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14
Q

Regions of the spine that have secondary curvatures.

A

Cervical and Lumbar regions

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15
Q

Term describing the primary curvature of the spine.

A

Kyphosis

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16
Q

Term describing the secondary curvature of the spine.

A

Lordosis

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17
Q

The total number of vertebrate in the spine

A

33

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18
Q

The number of cervical vertebrae in the spine

A

7

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19
Q

The number of thoracic vertebrae in the spine

A

12

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20
Q

The number of lumbar vertebrae in the spine

A

5

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21
Q

The number of vertebrae in the sacrum

A

5 fused sacral vertebrae

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22
Q

The number of vertebrae in the coccyx

A

3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae

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23
Q

Term describing the location where two or more bones meet and join

A

Articulate

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24
Q

The communication point on typical vertebrae between the arch and the body

A

Pedicle

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25
Q

The region of the typical vertebrae that articulate with the ribs

A

Transverse Processes

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26
Q

Vertebrae in the spine with the most prominent spinous processes

A

Thoracic region, most prominent in T1

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27
Q

Location in typical vertebrae where the spinal nerves exit out of the spinal cord and out to the periphery

A

Articulation of the inferior and superior vertebrate notch = intervertebral foramen

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28
Q

Location that provides a pathway for the vertebral artery that travels up though the transverse processes of the vertebrae, to enter the inferior portion of the skull

A

Foramen transversum (or transverse foramen) located within the transverse process of C1Atlas

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29
Q

Ligament of the C1 Atlas vertebrae that holds the dens of C2 Axis in place. Extends from one lateral mass of the atlas to the other.

A

Transverse ligament

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30
Q

Part of the C2 Axis that articulates with the C1 Atlas

A

Dens

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31
Q

Name for the C1 vertebra

A

Atlas

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32
Q

Name for the C2 vertebra

A

Axis

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33
Q

The vertebral prominens is the name of this vertebra

A

C7

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34
Q

Unique part of the typical cervical vertebrae C3-C7

A

Bifid Spinous Process

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35
Q

Axial loading straight on causes this type of C1 vertebral fracture

A

Burst (Jefferson) Fracture

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36
Q

Axial loading and rotation causes this type of C1 vertebral fracture

A

Lateral Mass Fracture

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37
Q

Axial loading and flexion causes this type of C1 vertebral fracture

A

Anterior Arch Fracture

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38
Q

Axial loading and extension causes this type of C1 vertebral fracture

A

Posterior Arch Fracture

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39
Q

Joint that connects the C1 vertebra with the occipital bone

A

Atlantooccipital joint

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40
Q

Joint that connects the C1 and C2 vertebrae

A

Atlantoaxial joint

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41
Q

Name for the lateral mass of the atlas

A

Superior Articular Facet

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42
Q

Pale yellow band of ligament that sits between spinous processes along the posterior vertebral canal. Resists separation of the vertebral lamina by limiting abrupt flexion of the vertebral column. Runs along the posterior wall of the vertebral canal.

A

Ligamentum Flavum

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43
Q

Ligament that increases stability of the spine and runs along the anterior portion of the vertebral bodies throughout the back.

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

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44
Q

Ligament that increases stability of the spine and runs along the posterior side of the vertebral bodies.

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

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45
Q

Name of the ligaments that connect the occipital bone with vertebra C1

A

Atlanto-occipital membrane or capsule (more internal)

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46
Q

Bilateral ligaments that stabilize the craniocervical joint. Connect the Dens of C2 with the occipital bone.

A

Alar Ligaments

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47
Q

The two components that form the cruciate ligament of the atlas

A

Longitudinal Fasicles and the Transverse Ligament of the Atlas

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48
Q

Ligament that is formed from the longitudinal fasicles and the transverse ligament of the atlas

A

Cruciate Ligament of the atlas

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49
Q

Another name for the part of the posterior longitudinal ligament that attaches C3 to C2

A

Tectorial Membrane

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50
Q

Region of vertebrae characterized by their articulation with the ribs

A

Thoracic vertebrae

51
Q

Word for an opening or enclosed gap within the dense connective tissue

A

Foramen

52
Q

Name of the part of the transverse process of thoracic vertebrae that articulates with the rib

A

Costal Facet

53
Q

The typical thoracic vertebrae that articulate with two pairs of ribs

A

T2-T9

54
Q

Location between the pedicles of two adjoining vertebrae that allow structures such as spinal nerves and blood vessels to pass in and out of the vertebral canal. Formed by the articulation of the superior and inferior articular facets.

A

Intervertebral foramen

55
Q

The heaviest and largest of all the vertebrae

A

L5

56
Q

Location where Spondylolisthesis occurs most frequently

A

L5-sacrum articulation

57
Q

Unique part of lumbar vertebrae that function as attachment points for muscles

A

Mammillarly processes

58
Q

Clinical procedure where a needle is inserted through the gap between lumbar laminae when the spine is flexed, and into the vertebral canal where a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is obtained

A

Lumbar puncture

59
Q

Gap that is exaggerated when the spine is flexed and location where a needle is inserted during a lumbar puncture

A

Gap between lumbar laminae

60
Q

Part of the sacrum where the spinal cord continues inferiorly

A

Sacral Canal

61
Q

The major branches of the spinal cord that exit from the anterior and posterior sacral foramina

A

Anterior and posterior rami

62
Q

Gaps in the sacrum where the anterior and posterior rami of the spinal cord exit. There are 8.
Allow for the passage of the rami of the S1 to S4 spinal nerves.

A

Anterior and posterior sacral foramina

63
Q

Articulation point of sacrum with the coccyx

A

Sacrococcygeal joint

64
Q

Part of the sacrum that articulates with the L5 vertebra

A

Superior articular facet

65
Q

Part of the sacrum that sits on the most superior point

A

Sacral promontory

66
Q

Term that describes a smooth flat or nearly flat circumscribed anatomical surface

A

Facet

67
Q

Comprises the outer part of the intervertebral bodies and limits rotation between vertebrae. Made up of fiber cartilage.

A

Anulus fibrosus

68
Q

Comprises the inner part of the intervertebral bodies that fills the center of the disc and absorbs compression forces between vertebrae. Composed of 88% water at birth, and is initially more cartilageous than fibrous, allowing for more flexibility and shock absorption.

A

Nucleus pulposus

69
Q

Strong attachment points between two vertebral bodies

A

Intervertebral bodies

70
Q

Type of joint where the ends of bones are encased in smooth cartilage and are protected by a joint capsule

A

Synovial joint

71
Q

Synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae.

A

Zygapophysical joints (facet joints)

72
Q

Occurs when the annulus fibrosis weakens, resulting in protrusion of the nucleus pulposus and compression of a spinal nerve.

A

Herniated intervertebral disc

73
Q

Region of the spine where the intervertebral discs are the thickest

A

Lumbar region

74
Q

Causes a defect/stress fracture in the pars interarticularis - NOT a full break

A

Spondylolysis

75
Q

Part that lies between the superior and inferior articular processes bilaterally at each vertebral level

A

Pars interarticularis

76
Q

Occurs when there is a complete break in the pars interarticularis of the vertebra

A

Spondylolisthesis

77
Q

Ligament that connects along the posterior tips of the vertebral spinal processes from vertebra C7 to the sacrum

A

Supraspinous ligament

78
Q

Portion of the supraspinous ligament from vertebra C7 to the skull that attaches superiorly to the skull

A

Ligamentum nuchae or Nuchal ligament

79
Q

Ligament between the spinous processes of vertebrates. Is thinner and weaker. Lies behind the ligamentum flavum.

A

Interspinous ligament

80
Q

Four pairs of plane synovial joints between the C3-C7 vertebrae. Found lateral and anterior to the intervertebral foramina, on each side of the relevant intervertebral discs. Are almost always affected by hypertrophic arthritis after the age of 65.

A

Uncovertebral joints
(aka Joints of Luschka or neurocentral joints)

81
Q

Bony layer beneath the hyaline cartilage and cement line. This bone becomes exposed and prone to chronic mechanical injuries when affected by hypertrophic arthritis. Usually results in the growth of osteophytes (bone spurs) at the margins of the joint and may impinge cervical spinal nerves and the vertebral artery.

A

Subchondral bone

82
Q

Fibrous tissue joining transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae. In the cervical and thoracic region, these fibers blend with muscular fibers.

A

Intertransverse ligaments

83
Q

Gradual loss of bone density and strength. There can be a gradual collapse of thoracic vertebrae, which results in the excessive curvature of the thoracic region (kyphosis). Bone loss = amplifies curvature.

A

Osteoporosis

84
Q

Location where the vertebral canal commences

A

Foramen magnum

85
Q

Location where the vertebral canal terminates

A

Sacral hiatus (just above the coccyx)

86
Q

Thick/toughest layer between the epidural and subdural spaces of the spinal cord. Makes up the filum terminale externus.

A

Dura mater

87
Q

Space between bone and dura mater in the spinal cord.

A

Epidural space

88
Q

Space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater of the spinal cord.

A

Subdural space

89
Q

Delicate, avsascular membrane surrounding the spinal cord that sits between the subdural and subarachnoid spaces. Gets pressed up against the dura mater due to the pressure from CSF flowing below it.

A

Arachnoid mater

90
Q

Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater meninges of the spinal cord. Contains CSF.

A

Subarachnoid space

91
Q

Innermost layer covering the spinal cord. Very thin; envelopes the root of spinal nerves and spinal blood vessels. Makes up the filum terminale internus; gives rise to denticulate ligaments.

A

Pia mater

92
Q

Longitudinal projections originating from the Pia mater covering the spinal cord. Anchor the spinal cord to the arachnoid mater layer.
Band of fibrous pia mater.

A

Denticulate ligaments

93
Q

Procedure that involves the injection of medication into the CSF that bathes the spinal cord. Needles are much thinner than epidural needles and doses are smaller.

A

Spinal analgesia/anethesia

94
Q

Spinal analgesia/anesthesia involves injection of medication into this part of the spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (subarachnoid space)

95
Q

Fibrous band of the spinal cord that extends from the distal tip of the spinal cord to the first coccygeal segment.

A

Filum terminale

96
Q

Pia mater makes up this part of the filum terminale.

A

Filum terminale internus

97
Q

Dura mater makes up this part of the filum terminale.

A

Filum terminale externus

98
Q

Procedure that cuts on the laminae to expose the vertebral canal. Can be used to treat spinal stenosis.

A

Laminectomy

99
Q

Number of cervical nerves

A

8 (C1 to C8)

100
Q

Number of thoracic nerves

A

12 (T1 to T12)

101
Q

Number of lumbar nerves

A

5 (L1 to L5)

102
Q

Number of sacral nerves

A

5 (S1 to S5)

103
Q

Number of coccygeal nerves

A

1 (Co)

104
Q

Describes the bundle of nerves that travel down and exit inferiorly of the spinal cord to leave at the proper peripheral level. Just below the conus medullaris.

A

Cauda Aquina (“Horse’s Tail”)

105
Q

Location of the inferior spinal cord that sits just above cauda aquina.

A

Conus medullaris

106
Q

Type of spina bifida when there is a sac of fluid through an opening in the baby’s back, and part of the spinal cord and nerves are in this sac and are damaged.

A

Myelomeingocele

107
Q

Type of spina bifida when there is a sac of fluid that comes through an opening in the baby’s back, but the spinal cord is not in this sac and there is usually little or no nerve damage.

A

Meningocele

108
Q

Preffix meaning “marrow” or “spinal cord”

A

Myelo-

109
Q

Type of spina bifida that is the mildest; there is a small gap in the spine, but no opening or sac on the back. The spinal cord and nerves are usually normal.

A

Spina bifida occulta

110
Q

Latin word that means “hidden”

A

Occulta

111
Q

Part of the spinal nerve that is rich in nerve cell bodies. In a butterfly shape.

A

Gray Matter

112
Q

Part of the spinal cord that is rich in nerve cell processes and tracts.

A

White matter

113
Q

Type of neuron found in the dorsal root ganglion

A

Pseudounipolar (sensory neurons)

114
Q

Part of the gray matter that delivers sensory information to the spinal cord.

A

Dorsal horns

115
Q

Part of the gray matter that deliver information from the spinal cord to the back

A

Ventral horns

116
Q

Innervates the intrinsic back muscles and the skin on the back

A

Posterior rami (dorsal root)

117
Q

Innervates most other skeletal muscles (besides the back) and the remaining areas of the skin.

A

Anterior rami (ventral root)

118
Q

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve. The posterior roots of the spinal nerves carry sensory information; both the anterior and posterior rami of the spinal nerve contribute to the distribution. Play a role in referred pain; used in diagnosis.

A

Dermatomes

119
Q

Arteries arising from the aorta that supplies the spinal cord.

A

Segmental spinal arteries

120
Q

Arteries arising superior to cervical portion of the spinal cord that supplies the spinal cord.

A

Longitudinally oriented vessels

121
Q

Artery that runs within the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord trunk.

A

Anterior spinal artery

122
Q

Number of posterior spinal arteries that supply the spinal cord.

A

2 posterior spinal arteries

123
Q

The largest of the 8-10 segmental arteries that reinforce the anterior and posterior spinal arteries. Supplies to the lower 2/3 of the spinal cord; obstruction can lead to infarction of the inferior spinal cord.

A

Artery of Adamkiewicz

124
Q

Bundle of veins that runs in the epidural space

A

Internal vertebral venous plexus

Anatomy (23 decks)

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