SPINE

Question 1

how many total vertebrae?

Answer 1

26

Question 2

how many true vertebrae?

Answer 2

24 (sacrum & coccyx)
-7 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar

Question 3

how many false vertebrae?

Answer 3

2
-1 sacrum (5 fused)
-1 coccyx (4 fused)

Question 4

how many intervertebral discs?

Answer 4

23
start at C2 & C3
end at L5 & S1 on sacrum

Question 5

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

Answer 5

31

Question 6

name the spinal nerves

Answer 6

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

Question 7

where do the spinal nerves start?

Answer 7

start: occiput & C1
end: Co1 which exits sacral hiatus with S5

Question 8

where is nerve T1?

Answer 8

below T1
(T1 & T2)

Question 9

where is nerve C1?

Answer 9

on top of C1

Question 10

where is nerve C8?

Answer 10

on top of T1

Question 11

functions of the spine

Answer 11

protection
stabilization
support & weight bearing
motion
resiliency - shock absorption

Question 12

3 curves of the spine

Answer 12

lordosis (cervical & lumbar)
kyphosis (thoracic & sacral)
scoliosis (lateral curvature / deviation)

Question 13

kyphosis

Answer 13

OUTWARD curvature

Question 14

lordosis

Answer 14

INWARD curvature

Question 15

vertebral bodies (height)

Answer 15

cervical: equal height anterior to posterior
thoracic: thicker posteriorly than anteriorly
lumbar: heights vary
-L1 - higher posteriorly
-L2 - height equal
-L3-L5 - higher anteriorly

Question 16

intervertebral discs (thickness)

Answer 16

cervical: thicker anteriorly
thoracic: equal thickness
lumbar: thicker anteriorly

Question 17

what is the intervertebral disc made of?

Answer 17

annulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposes

Question 18

ANNULUS FIBROSIS

Answer 18

(outside)
layers of fibrocartilage made of collagen that strengthen & redistribute forces along disc

Question 19

NUCLEUS PULPOSES

Answer 19

(inside)
contains loose fibres in a mucoprotein gel & acts as shock absorber for entire body

Question 20

change in load / force at L3 (highest & lowest)

Answer 20

highest: lifting wrong
lowest: lying

Question 21

2 types of joints throughout spine

Answer 21

facet
intervertebral

Question 22

last intervertebral column

Answer 22

end of vertebral column at L5 = last IVD & facet articulation with sacrum

Question 23

interspinalis action

Answer 23

extension

Question 24

intertransversarii

Answer 24

lateral flexion