CERVICAL SPINE Flashcards
typical vs. atypical vertebrae
TYPICAL: C3, C4, C5, C6
ATYPICAL: C1, C2, C7
C1 ATLAS - divided into 3 sections
anterior arch
lateral mass
posterior arch
anterior arch
articular facet for dens/ odontoid process
anterior tubercle
fovea dentis
lateral mass
(no vertebral body)
tubercle for transverse ligament
superior & inferior articular facet
transverse foramen
TVP
posterior arch
posterior tubercle
groove for vertebral artery
C1 (atypical)
no SP
no body
C2 AXIS
dens / odontoid process
anterior articular facet (for anterior arch C1)
posterior articular facet (for transverse ligament C1)
impression alar ligament
SP (bifid)
superior & inferior articular facet
vertebral foramen
body, pedicle, lamina
TVP
transverse foramen
intervertebral foramen
posterior articular facet (C2)
(groove for transverse ligament of C1)
transverse ligament of C1 sits just below facet
transverse foramen
where vertebral artery runs through
what is atypical about C7?
elongated SP
NOT bifid
hyoid bone
body
greater cornu/ horn
lesser cornu/ horn
5 joints
atlanto-occipital (between occiput & C1)
medial atlanto-axial (between C1 & C2 = DENS)
lateral atlanto-axial (between C1 & C2)
facet joint (C2-C7)
intervertebral (C2-C7)
ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINT type
synovial, condyloid, diarthrosis, biaxial
ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINT articular surfaces
occiput: condylar facets (convex)
atlas (C1): superior facets of lateral mass of atlas (concave)
ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINT movements
flexion, extension, slight lateral flexion
MEDIAL ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT type
synovial, pivot, diarthrosis, uniaxial
(rotation)
MEDIAL ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT articular surfaces
atlas C1: facet for dens on atlas (concave)
axis C2: anterior facet for dens on axis (convex)
LATERAL ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT type
synovial, plane, diarthrosis, uniaxial
(gliding)
LATERAL ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT articular surfaces
atlas C1: inferior facets of C1
axis C2: superior facets of C2
tectorial membrane
turns into PLL after C2
cruciate / cruciform / transverse ligament
holds dens of C2 against C1
creates pivot
ALL
prevents hyperextension
PLL
prevents hyperflexion
FACET JOINT type
synovial, plane, diarthrosis, uniaxial
FACET JOINT articular surfaces
inferior condylar facet of superior vertebrae
superior condylar facet of inferior vertebrae
FACET JOINT movements
gliding, flexion, extension coupled with slight lateral flexion & rotation
INTERVERTEBRAL JOINT type
cartilaginous, symphysis, amphiarthrosis, triaxial
INTERVERTEBRAL JOINT articular surfaces
inferior body of superior vertebrae
superior body of inferior vertebrae
intervertebral disc
C-spine end feel
tissue stretch
coupled motions
rotation & lateral flexion always together except at C1/C2
C2-T5 = ipsilateral side
T6-L5 = contralateral side
suprahyoid muscles
digastric
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
mylohyoid
infrahyoid muscles
sternohyoid
omohyoid
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
transversospinalis group
semispinalis
multifidus
rotatores
erector spinae group
spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis
erector spinae group ACTIONS
bilateral: extend vertebral column & head
unilateral: lateral flexion of spine
deep neck flexors
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis
longus capitis
longus cervicis (colli)
scalenes
anterior
middle
posterior
function of suboccipital muscles
maintain postural stabilization of head
(suboccipital nerve)
suboccipital muscles
rectus capitis posterior minor
rectus capitis posterior major
obliquues capitis inferior
obliquues capitis superior
interspinalis ACTION
extend vertebral column
intertransversarius ACTION
lateral flexion of vertebral column
