ANKLE & FOOT Flashcards
what is the ankle & foot made up of?
tarsal bones
metatarsal bones
phalanges
tarsal bones
talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuneiforms
cuboid
3 parts of the talus
head (articular surfaces)
neck (talus sulcus)
body (trochlea, processes)
TALUS - head: articular surfaces for…
navicular
calcaneus: anterior, middle, posterior
inferior tibia
medial malleolus
lateral malleolus
TALUS - neck
talus sulcus
TALUS - body
trochlea
posterior process: medial & lateral tubercle
lateral process
CALCANEUS - body: articular surfaces…
superior, anterior, middle, posterior facets for talus
facet for cuboid
-calcaneus sulcus
-calcaneal tuberosity
-sustentaculum tali
-fibular (peroneal) tubercle/ trochlea
-groove for fibularis longus tendon
what is the navicular bone made up of?
body
navicular tuberosity
CUNEIFORMS
1st cuneiform (medial)
2nd cuneiform (intermediate/ middle)
3rd cuneiform (lateral)
what is the CUBOID bone made up of?
body
fibular (peroneal) sulcus/ groove
metatarsal bones
base
shaft / body
head
PHALANGES
proximal: 1-5
middle: 2-5
distal: 1-5
*great toe doesn’t have a middle
(base, shaft/body, head)
talocrural (ankle) / mortise joint - type & movements
type: synovial, hinge, diarthrosis, uniaxial
movements: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
talocrural (ankle) joint - articular surfaces
inferior articular & medial malleolar surfaces of tibia
lateral malleolar surface of fibula
trochlea of talus
ankle joint - LATERAL ligaments
calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)
anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)
how is the ankle joint (lateral ligaments) typically injured?
with an INVERSION ankle sprain
ankle joint - MEDIAL ligaments
anterior tibiotalar ligament
tibionavicular ligament
tibicalcaneal ligament
posterior tibiotalar ligament
distal/ inferior tibiofibular joint
type: fibrous, syndesmosis, amphiarthrosis, uniaxial
articular surfaces: inferior end of fibula & inferior end of tibia
ligaments: interosseous membrane, anterior & posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments
movements: gliding
what is the distal tibiofibular joint supported by?
posterior (inferior) tibiofibular ligament
anterior (inferior) tibiofibular ligament
subtalar / talocalcaneal joint - type & movements
type: synovial, plane, diarthrosis, triaxial
movements: gliding, rotation, inversion & eversion
subtalar / talocalcaneal joint - articular surfaces
posterior, anterior & middle articular surface for calcaneus on talus
facets on superior surface of calcaneus
subtalar / talocalcaneal joint - ligaments
fibrous capsule
medial, lateral & posterior talocalcaneal ligaments
TALOCALCANEONAVICULAR JOINT - type & movements
type: synovial, ball & socket, also PLANE, diarthrosis, multiaxial
movements: gliding, rotation, inversion & eversion
TALOCALCANEONAVICULAR JOINT - articular surfaces
facet on head of talus
facet on proximal side of navicular
anterior talar facet
middle talar facet
sustentaculum tali
TALOCALCANEONAVICULAR JOINT - ligaments
fibrous capsule
dorsal talonavicular
plantar calacaneonavicular / spring
calcaneonavicular portion of bifurcate ligament
TALOCALCANEONAVICULAR JOINT - plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
SPRING LIGAMENT (inferiorly)
-head of talus articulates with calcaneus & spring ligament BELOW & navicular INFRONT
CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT - type & movements
type: synovial, saddle, diarthrosis, uniaxial
movements: gliding & rotation
CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT - articular surfaces
anterior articular surface of calcaneus
posterior articular surface of cuboid
CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT - ligaments
fibrous capsule
calcaneocuboid portion of bifurcate ligament
plantar calcaneocuboid/ short plantar ligament
LONG plantar ligament
dorsal calcaneocuboid
CUBOIDEONAVICULAR JOINT - type & movements
type: fibrous, uniaxial
movements: gliding & rotation
CUBOIDEONAVICULAR JOINT - articular surfaces
articular surface on lateral aspect of navicular
articular surface on posteromedial side of cuboid
CUBOIDEONAVICULAR JOINT - ligaments
fibrous capsule
dorsal cuboideonavicular
interosseous cubodeonavicular
long planter
how is the CUBOIDEONAVICULAR JOINT connected?
by the dorsal, plantar & interosseous ligaments
DISTAL INTERTARSAL JOINT - type & movements
type: synovial, plane, diarthrosis, uniaxial
movements: gliding & rotation
DISTAL INTERTARSAL JOINT - articular surfaces
articular surface of navicular, cuboid, cuneiform & metatarsals
DISTAL INTERTARSAL JOINT - ligaments
fibrous capsule
dorsal plantar
cuneonavicular
intercuneiform
cuneocuboid
TARSOMETATARSAL JOINT - type & movements
type: synovial, plane, diarthrosis, uniaxial
movements: gliding
what does the TARSOMETATARSAL JOINT link?
links the forefoot to the rearfoot
TARSOMETATARSAL JOINT - articular surface
articular surface of distal tarsals
base of metatarsals
TARSOMETATARSAL JOINT - ligaments
fibrous capsule
dorsal interosseous
long plantar
INTERMETATARSAL JOINT - type & movements
type: synovial, plane, diarthrosis, uniaxial
movements: gliding
INTERMETATARSAL JOINT - articular surfaces
adjacent surfaces of bases of metatarsals
INTERMETATARSAL JOINT - ligaments
fibrous capsule
dorsal, plantar, interosseous intermetatarsal
deep transverse metatarsal
METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT - type & movements
type: synovial, condyloid, diarthrosis, biaxial
movements: flexion, extension, ADD, ABD
METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT - articular surfaces
convex heads of metatarsals
concave bases of proximal phalanges
METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT - ligaments
fibrous capsule
MCL
LCL
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS
distal interphalangeal
proximal interphalangeal
interphalangeal of HALLUX only
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT - type & movements
type: synovial, hinge, diarthrosis, uniaxial
movements: flexion & extension
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT - articular surfaces
heads of proximal phalanges
bases of distal phalanges
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT - ligaments
fibrous capsule
MCL
LCL
PLANTAR FASCIA
flat, thick band of CT that connects calcaneal tuberosity to ligaments around heads of metatarsal bones
-supports arch on bottom of foot, very strong
PLANTAR FASCIITIS
if plantar fascia is stretched or overworked and becomes inflamed
what is retinaculum - & its function
retinaculum = band of thickened deep fascia
occurs where tendons pass through (usually around joints)
FUNCTION: stabilize tendons; hold them in place
RETINACULA of ankle
superior & inferior extensor retinaculum:
-medial view = holds down extensor tendons
superior & inferior fibular retinaculum:
-lateral view = holds down fibular / peronal tendons
flexor retinaculum:
-medial view = holds down flexor tendons
BURSA
fluid filled sac that cushions & lubricates against friction between tendon & bone when moving against each other
main region in ankle that gets high friction & requires a BURSA
between calcaneus & achilles tendon
what are the TWO bursa between the calcaneus & achilles tendon
Superficial or Subcutaneous Calcaneal Bursa
Deep or Retrocalcaneal Bursa
what are foot arches & what are they essential for?
arches in our feet formed by bones, ligaments & tendons connected together
-essential for movement, weight bearing & shock absorption
what are the 3 distinct arches of the foot
-TWO “longitudinal” arches (one on each side)
-ONE “transverse” arch (runs across midfoot)
MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH
most prominent foot arch (“the arch”)
-runs from front to back along medial side of foot
-absorbs majority of shock of impact while walking, running, jumping
Pes Cavus (medial longitudinal arch)
an unusually high medial longitudinal arch
LATERAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH
runs parallel to medial arch, along lateral edge of foot
-most visible in people with very high arches
Pes Planus (lateral longitudinal arch)
occurs when longitudinal arches are lost
=”flat feet”
TRANSVERSE ARCH
runs across midfoot from medial to lateral
-provides support & flexibility to foot
