Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KIN 187 Clinical Exercise Physiology > Spinal Cord Injury > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Tetraplegia

A

Lesions in the cervical (C) region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Paraplegia

A

Lesions in the thoracic (T), lumbar (L) and sacral (S) regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Spinal cord injury results in

A
  • tetraplegia
  • paraplegia
  • complete or incomplete loss of somatic, sensory, and autonomic functions below the lesion level
  • spinal bifida
  • physiologic impairment
  • autonomic troubles
  • segmental neuromuscular troubles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SCI C4

A

artificial support for breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

SCI C5-C8

A

Control of shoulder, elbow and wrist, decreased hand function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SCI T1-T6

A
  • Autonomic dysreflexia (an uncoordinated, spinally mediated reflex response called the mass reflex)
  • Poor thermoregulation
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Diminished breathing capacity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SCI T6-L2

A

Respiratory and motor control depends on abdominal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SCI L2-S2

A

Lack of voluntary control

Normal upper extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SCI statistics

A

50% of those with SCI have tetraplegia
80% are men
SCI’s that are traumatic often occur at an early age
Individuals with SCI have a high risk for the development of secondary complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Secondary complications of SCI

A

shoulder pain, urinary tract infection, skin pressure ulcers, osteoporosis, chronic pain, problematic spasticity, depression, CVD, obesity, Type 2 DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of SCI

A

Motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports, violence, surgical complications, infection, tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary Injury

A

an acute SCI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Secondary Injury

A
  • Systemic injury to neurons and cells nearby
  • Cellular Injury 1
  • Cellular Injury 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cellular Injury 1

A

Reperfusion of ischemic area leads to free radicals, excitotoxicity, neuronal malfunction, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cellular Injury 2

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokines glial scars
(These are barriers to regeneration and recovery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Systemic injury to neurons and cells nearby

A

hypotension, hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pathophysiology of primary injury

A 
Neuronal damage/disruption 
-spinal cord, axon, demyelination, cell death 
Cytokine release
-pro-inflammatory
-ATP
-Potassium 
Hemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Primary Injury Processed

A

Inhibitory Proteolgycan scar
Limited Scwann cell remyelination
Restricted axonal regrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Restricted Cycle of Deconditioning

A

SCI-Muscle paralysis-less physical activity-lower fitness/less mobile-change in body (more fat, less muscle)-high risk factors/chronic diseases

recurring arrow from high risk factors and then even less physical activity

20
Q

associated complications for management of SCI includes

A

skin, bones, orthopedic, stabilization, handgrip or foot placement, bladder and bowels, illness, hypotension or hypertension, pain

21
Q

Exercise Response to SCI

A

Limited mobility,
Restricted peak values (approx 1/2) of power output, oxygen consumption, cardiac output
Orthostatic and exercise hypotensive
peak HRs typically do not exceed 120 bpm

22
Q

Considerations for Exercise testing

A

Purposes of the exercise test
Level of the SCI
The physical fitness level
To optimize equipment and protocol selection

23
Q

Initial Exercise Testing

A

A functional assessment should be taken like

trunk ROM, wheelchair mobility, transfer ability, upper and lower extremity involvement

24
Q

Cardiorespiratory endurance training

A

arm ergometer, cycle ergometer, wheelchair ergometer, rowing

25
Q

Voluntary arm ergometry

A

easiest way to perform
the reference method
may not be accurate

26
Q

Stationary wheelchair roller system, motor-driven treadmill

A

allow for realistic stimulation of external condition

like slope and speed alterations

27
Q

Treating post exercise hypotension and exhaustion with…

A

rest, recumbency, leg elevation, and fluid ingestion

happens mostly with max effort exercise with tetraplegia patients

28
Q

Exercise Rx (wheelchair)

A

Develop Joint Contracture

29
Q

Wheel chair positioning could lead to

A

muscle spasticity

tight hip flexors, hip adductors and knee flexors

30
Q

Excessive wheelchair pushing and manual transfers can lead to

A

anterior chest and shoulder issues

31
Q

Needed in Exercise Rx because of wheelchair

A

Upper Extremity stretching (prime movers) and strengthening (antagonists) program is needed to promote muscular balance around the joints

32
Q

How to prevent upper extremity overuse

A

Vary excessive modes
Strengthen the muscles of the upper back and shoulder
Stretch muscles of anterior shoulder and chest

33
Q

examples of exercise Rx

A

Arm cranking
Wheelchair ergometry
Wheelchair propulsion on treadmill or rollers
Free-wheeling
Swimming
Wheelchair basketball, quad rugby and racing
arm-powered cycling
ambulation with crutches and braces
seated aerobic exercises
electrically stimulated leg exercise (ESLCE)

34
Q

Patients with SCI tend to have

A

depression, cognitive impairment and learning disability, osteopenia, osteoporosis, bradycardia, hypotension, small improvements, and they should have a thermally neutral environment

35
Q

what is autonomic dysreflexia? and results?

A

uncontrolled emptying of bladder or bowels
autonomic dysreflexia results in an increased release of catecholamines
Increases HR, VO2 BP and exercise capacity
Excessively high levels of BP
(SBP 250-300 mm HG and/or 200-220 mm HG)

STOP EXERCISE, SIT UPRIGHT, IDENTIFY AND REMOVE THE IRRITATING STIMULUS like a catheter, leg bag, tight clothing, or braces

36
Q

SCIS above t6 specifically those with complete tetraplegia

A

are at risk of decreased cardiovascular performance

37
Q

Why at T6 + tetraplegic patients at risk for decreased cardiovascular performance

A

no cardiac sympathetic innervation with their HR peak limited to 115-130bpm

38
Q

High spinal lesions during exercise

A

patients with high spinal lesions may reach their peak HR, cardiac output, and VO2 at a lower exercise level than those with paraplegia with lesion levels below T5 to T6

39
Q

Symptoms to watch for during exercise (medical attention symptoms)

A

headache, piloerection, flushing, gooseflesh, shivering, sweating above the lesion level, nasal congestion, and bradycardia

40
Q

BP where athletes should not be able to compete/start the event

A

SBP > or equal to 180 mm Hg

41
Q

Hemodynamic Effects (special considerations)

A

Individuals with higher SCI levels (tetraplegia)
-may benefit from use of lower body positive pressure through applying compressive stockings, an elastic abdominal binder, or electrical stimulation to leg muscles

42
Q

Beneficial hemodynamic effects

A

(during arm work to compensate for blood pooling below the lesion)

  • maintenance of BP
  • lower HR
  • higher stroke volume
43
Q

Proper exercise for patients with SCI

A

can reduce the prevalence of secondary complications and improve quality of life

44
Q

before FITT principle is tested or exercise Rx

A

the level of SCI lesion must be taken into account

45
Q

Individuals with SCI have…

A

compromised thermoregulatory responses to exercise

KIN 187 Clinical Exercise Physiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions