Children and Adolescents

Question 1

Children with Chronic Health Conditions

Answer 1

dramatically increased in the past 4 decades
1.8% in 1960
Doubling from 12.8% in 1994 to 26.6% in 2006

Question 2

Chronic Health Conditions in children

Answer 2

Obesity
Asthma: 1 in 10 children
Type 2 Diabetes: 23% increase between 2001 and 2009
Cancer: more than 15000 children were diagnosed in 2014
Autism: 1 in 59 children
ADHD: 1 in 10 children

Question 3

PA for ages 6-17 yrs

Answer 3

• more physically active than their adult counterparts
• only youngest children are as physically active as recommended by experts
• older than 10 children do not get the PA they need

Question 4

Children are physiologically adaptive to ____

Answer 4

endurance exercise training, resistance training and bone loading exercise

Question 5

Prepubescent children have immature ____

Answer 5

skeletons. Therefore they should not participate in excessive amounts of vigorous intensity exercise

Question 6

Physiologic responses to acute graded exercises

Answer 6

higher relative oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiratory rate

lower Q, stroke volume, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure

Question 7

Exercise testing protocol

Answer 7

-should be based on the reason the test is being performed and the functional capability of the child or adolescent

Question 8

Exercise testing for clinical or health/fitness purposes

Answer 8

generally not indicated for children or adolescents unless there is a health concern

Question 9

Before testing children

Answer 9

they should be familiarized with the test protocol and procedure before testing
(to minimize stress and maximize the potential for a successful test)

Question 10

Machines used for exercise testing

Answer 10

Treadmills (will produce a higher VO2peak and HR max) 
Cycle ergometers (good because the child is at less risk for injury, but the ergometer needs to be correctly sized for the child)

Question 11

Note* about exercise for children

Answer 11

psychologically and mentally immature, require extra motivation and support during the exercise test. also they need extra motivation and support
tests can be done outside of the clinical setting

Question 12

Fitnessgram testing

Answer 12

BMI or skinfold
cardiorespiratory fitness through the 1 min walk test or PACER
curl ups, pull-up/push-up tests
flexibility (sit and reach test)

Question 13

FITT for children (aerobic)

Answer 13

daily 
mod. to vigorous 
vig for 3 days/wk
> or equal to 60 min a day 
Enjoyable and developmentally appropriate aerobic physical activities

Question 14

moderate intensity for a child

Answer 14

noticeable increases in HR and breathing

Question 15

Vigorous intensity for a child

Answer 15

substantial increase in HR and breathing

Question 16

FITT for children (resistance)

Answer 16

> or equal to 3 days/wk
as part of their 60 min a day
muscle strengthening PA can be unstructured like playing on a playground equipment, climbing trees, tug of war or structured like lifting weights, working with resist. bands

Question 17

FITT or children (bone strengthening)

Answer 17

> or equal to 3 days a week
as part of 60 min/day
Bone strengthening activities
-running, jumping rope, basketball, tennis, resistance training, and hopscotch

Question 18

Special Considerations for children

Answer 18

• they need proper instruction and supervision.
• adult guidelines for resistance may be applied
• 8-15 submax reps of an exercise should be performed until moderate fatigue with good mechanical form before the resistance is increased

Question 19

Children shouldn’t work out in hot humid temperatures.. why?

Answer 19

immature thermoregulatory systems

Question 20

Overweight Children

Answer 20

may not be able to achieve 60 min. day of mod-vig
so start with moderate intensity, PA as tolerated and gradually increase the F and time
Vig can be gradually added at least 3 days/wk

Question 21

Effect o Exercise for Children

Answer 21

BMI decrease
increase bone mineral density 
increase muscular strength 
neural adaptations 
no hypertrophy until puberty 
increase growth hormone function 
increase insulin receptor sensitivity
increase GLUT 4 
increase glycogen synthase activity 
stronger immune systme 
less prone to colds/allergies and diseases 
improved self concept, self efficacy, self esteem, well being

Question 22

ACSM suggests…

Answer 22

youth strength training can provide improvements

Question 23

what percent of chronic illness are from environment as children

Answer 23

33%