Children and Adolescents Flashcards
Children with Chronic Health Conditions
dramatically increased in the past 4 decades
1.8% in 1960
Doubling from 12.8% in 1994 to 26.6% in 2006
Chronic Health Conditions in children
Obesity
Asthma: 1 in 10 children
Type 2 Diabetes: 23% increase between 2001 and 2009
Cancer: more than 15000 children were diagnosed in 2014
Autism: 1 in 59 children
ADHD: 1 in 10 children
PA for ages 6-17 yrs
- more physically active than their adult counterparts
- only youngest children are as physically active as recommended by experts
- older than 10 children do not get the PA they need
Children are physiologically adaptive to ____
endurance exercise training, resistance training and bone loading exercise
Prepubescent children have immature ____
skeletons. Therefore they should not participate in excessive amounts of vigorous intensity exercise
Physiologic responses to acute graded exercises
higher relative oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiratory rate
lower Q, stroke volume, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure
Exercise testing protocol
-should be based on the reason the test is being performed and the functional capability of the child or adolescent
Exercise testing for clinical or health/fitness purposes
generally not indicated for children or adolescents unless there is a health concern
Before testing children
they should be familiarized with the test protocol and procedure before testing
(to minimize stress and maximize the potential for a successful test)
Machines used for exercise testing
Treadmills (will produce a higher VO2peak and HR max) Cycle ergometers (good because the child is at less risk for injury, but the ergometer needs to be correctly sized for the child)
Note* about exercise for children
psychologically and mentally immature, require extra motivation and support during the exercise test. also they need extra motivation and support
tests can be done outside of the clinical setting
Fitnessgram testing
BMI or skinfold
cardiorespiratory fitness through the 1 min walk test or PACER
curl ups, pull-up/push-up tests
flexibility (sit and reach test)
FITT for children (aerobic)
daily mod. to vigorous vig for 3 days/wk > or equal to 60 min a day Enjoyable and developmentally appropriate aerobic physical activities
moderate intensity for a child
noticeable increases in HR and breathing
Vigorous intensity for a child
substantial increase in HR and breathing
FITT for children (resistance)
> or equal to 3 days/wk
as part of their 60 min a day
muscle strengthening PA can be unstructured like playing on a playground equipment, climbing trees, tug of war or structured like lifting weights, working with resist. bands
FITT or children (bone strengthening)
> or equal to 3 days a week
as part of 60 min/day
Bone strengthening activities
-running, jumping rope, basketball, tennis, resistance training, and hopscotch
Special Considerations for children
- they need proper instruction and supervision.
- adult guidelines for resistance may be applied
- 8-15 submax reps of an exercise should be performed until moderate fatigue with good mechanical form before the resistance is increased
Children shouldn’t work out in hot humid temperatures.. why?
immature thermoregulatory systems
Overweight Children
may not be able to achieve 60 min. day of mod-vig
so start with moderate intensity, PA as tolerated and gradually increase the F and time
Vig can be gradually added at least 3 days/wk
Effect o Exercise for Children
BMI decrease increase bone mineral density increase muscular strength neural adaptations no hypertrophy until puberty increase growth hormone function increase insulin receptor sensitivity increase GLUT 4 increase glycogen synthase activity stronger immune systme less prone to colds/allergies and diseases improved self concept, self efficacy, self esteem, well being
ACSM suggests…
youth strength training can provide improvements
what percent of chronic illness are from environment as children
33%
