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KIN 187 Clinical Exercise Physiology > CH. 10 (2) Chronic Conditions... > Flashcards

CH. 10 (2) Chronic Conditions... Flashcards

1
Q

Stats about hypertension

A

77.9 million US adults > or equal to 20 y/o and more than 1 billion people worldwide have it

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2
Q

Stage 1 Hypertension

A

SBP 130-139 or DBP 80-89

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3
Q

Stage 2 Hypertension

A

SBP > or equal to 140 or DBP > or equal to 90

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4
Q

Causes of Primary Hypertension

A
  • can’t identify
  • genetic
  • alcohol
  • stress
  • high fat diet
  • high salt diet
  • physical inactivity
  • obesity
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5
Q

Cause of Secondary Hypertension

A

(Develops through the manifestation of other medical problems)

  • genetic
  • renal
  • vascular
  • Endocrine
  • Over the counter medications
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6
Q

Pathophysiology of Hypertension

A

High Sympathetic nervous system activity
Structural narrowing of small arteries and arterioles
Reduction of capillaries
Arterial Stiffness
Increase resistance to blood flow (TPR)

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7
Q

BP equation

A

=HR x SV x TPR

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8
Q

Capillaries

A

Gas exchange occurs here therefore there is only one layer of endothelial cells

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9
Q

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

A

wrap around the endothelial cells

vasoconstriction/vasodilation brings about contract and makes the vessel restrict (producing resistance in TPR)

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10
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

controls the motor neurons release and communication through the muscles
-releases norepeniphrin for muscle to contract

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11
Q

Motor neurons

A

tell skeletal muscle to contract

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12
Q

Acetlycholine

A

Excite the PGSN

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13
Q

baroreceptors

A

Detect high blood pressure and the body will work to keep it at normal range
Sends signal to PNA to increase and SNA to decrease
Negative Feedback
Slow HR

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14
Q

Digoxin

A

Slow the HR at atria and ventricles

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15
Q

Patients with uncontrolled BP (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90)

A

consult with physician prior to starting exercise program (Check for exercise testing)

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16
Q

Patients with uncontrolled BP (SBP ≥ 160 or DBP ≥ 100)

A
  • shouldn’t partake in any exercise
  • no exercise testing prior to medical eval and adequate BP management
  • Medically supervised symptom limitied exercise test is recommended prior to engage in an exercise testing program
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17
Q

Beta-Blockers (β-Blockers)

A
  • Adversely affect thermoregulatory function
  • Increase the hypoglycemia in certain individuals (especially with DM patients)
  • Reduce submax and max exercise capacity primarily in patients w/o myocardial ischemia
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18
Q

Antihypertensive medications (a-blockers, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators)

A
  • Sudden excessive reductions in post exercise BP (post exercise hypotension)
  • Stop exercise gradually with a cool down period. Therefore your HR and BP will slow to resting levels under controlled conditions
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19
Q

Alpha Blockers

A

Relax vascular smooth muscle cells, vasodilate—-> reduces resistance and increases blood flow

20
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Slow HR, Reduce strength of cardiac muscle contraction —–> prevent or reduce the opening of channels, not allowing CA2+ on adrenergic beta receptors of SNS

21
Q

Exercise Effect on Hypertension

A

AVG reduction of 5-10 mm Hg in resting Bp
Potential alteration in renal function, decrease in plasma norepinephrine, increase in circulating vasodilator substances

22
Q

FITT for hypertension (Aerobic)

A

5-7 days/wk
Moderate intensity
≥30 min of continuous or accumulation(intermittent bouts start with 10 min bouts)
Prolonged rhythmic activities of large muscles

23
Q

FITT for hypertension (Resistance)

A 
2-3 days/wk
60-70% of 1RM
beginners start with 40-50%
2-4 sets of 8-12 reps 
machines or free body weights/body weight
24
Q

FITT for hypertension (Flexibility)

A

≥2-3 days/wk
stretch to tightness or discomfort
static stretch for 10-30 seconds for 2-4 reps
Static, Dynamic, or PNF

25
Q

Stats of Dyslipidemia

A

Nearly 30% of people in the US have it… major risk factor to atherosclerotic CVD

26
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

Abnormal amount of lipids (triglycerides, CHO, phospholipids) in the blood
Hyperlipidemias/cholesterolemia

27
Q

Cause of Dyslipidemia

A

High Fat diet
Excess Alcohol Intake
Physical Inactivity

28
Q

Effects of Exercise on Dyslipidemia

A
  • lowers tryglycerides (better skeletal muscle uptake)
  • Higher HDL
  • Reduction LDL
  • Reduction in post prandial lipemia
29
Q

Treatment of Dyslipidemia (Drugs)

A

hydrooxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statin Drugs)
consistently improves survival by preventing MI and Stroke
Can cause muscle weakness and soreness, injury, unusual soreness during exercise

30
Q

Myalgia

A

soreness/muscle weakness from STATINS

31
Q

Obesity Statistics

A

68% if US adults are classified as either overweight or obese
32% of children and adolescents are overweight or obese

32
Q

Obese BMI

A

≥30 kg/m^2

33
Q

Cause of Obesity

A

Diet, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, gut bacteria

34
Q

Pathophysiology of Obesity

A

Adipose tissue, Leptin, Central nervous system/hypothalamus

35
Q

FITT for individuals with Overweight and Obesity (Aerobic)

A

≥5 days/wk
Moderate initial intensity (40-59% VO2R or HRRR)
30 min or increase 60 min a day (accumulate 250-300min/ wk)
Prolonged, rhythmic activities

36
Q

FITT for individuals with Overweight and Obesity (Resistance)

A

2-3 days per week
60-70% of 1 RM
2-4 sets of 8-12 reps
Machines and free weights

37
Q

FITT for individuals with Overweight and Obesity (Flexibility)

A

≥2-3 days/week
stretch to tightness or slight discomfort
hold for 10-30 seconds 2-4 reps of each exercise
Static/Dynamic/PNF

38
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A
  • The name for the group/cluster of risk factors that raise your risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke
  • About 35% of US Adult population (2011-2012)
  • Increases with age
  • Differences in sex, race, ethnicity
39
Q

Defining Metabolic Syndrome

A

Need at lease 3 risk factors
-Abdominal/central obesity
High Fasting blood glucose (Hyperglycemia)
-Dislipidemia
(High serum triglyceride level, low serum HDL cholesterol level)
-Hypertension
-Microalbuminuria

40
Q

Causes of Metabolic Syndrome

A 
Aging 
Genetics 
Diet 
Sedentary Lifestyle (Physical Inactivity)
Disrupted Sleep 
Stress
Mood disorders/psychotropic medication use 
Excessive alcohol use
41
Q

Overall effect of exercise of metabolic syndrome

A

Weight loss/abdominal fat loss
Decrease in serum triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol levels
Increase in serum HDL level
Reduction in blood pressure
Lower Fasting glucose (Improvement of insulin resistance)

42
Q

FITT to reduce risk with CVD & DM

A

3 days/week
Start at moderate intensity, move to more vigorous
Minimum of 150 min/wk or 30 min a day

43
Q

Moderate intensity (% if VO2)

A

40-60% VO2 or HRR

44
Q

Vigorous Intensity

A

≥60 VO2 or HRR

45
Q

FITT to reduce body weight/fat

A

5 days/week
moderate intensiry
Minimum of 300 min/wk or 50-60 min/day, progression of 60-90 min/day

46
Q

To reduce overall metabolic syndrome severity…

A
  • Hypocaloric Diet
  • Low fat and high fiber diet
  • Mediterranean Diet
  • Aerobic Interval Training
  • High/Vigorous intensity interval training
  • High intensity endurance exercise mixed with resistance training

KIN 187 Clinical Exercise Physiology (16 decks)

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