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KIN 187 Clinical Exercise Physiology > Cardiovascular Disease-Atrial Fibrillation > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease-Atrial Fibrillation Flashcards

1
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A condition that develops when plague builds up in the walls of the arteries; causes to stop blood flow
*causes a heart attack or stroke (leading cause of death)

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2
Q

Heart Attack

A

blood clot stops blood flow to a part of the heart and therefore cardiac muscle cells die

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3
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

the most common, when the blood vessel to brain gets blocked and brain cells die

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4
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

when the blood vessel within brain burst

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5
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

heart is not pumping blood as well as it should be

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6
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormal rhythm of the heart

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7
Q

Heart valve problems

A

stenosis, regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse

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8
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

-upper heart chambers contract irregularly
-Most common cardiac arrhythmias
-2.7 million Americans have it
Quivering or irregular heartbeat
Multiple reentrant circuits in the atria

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9
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

Disorganized contraction of the lower chambers of the heart

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10
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate

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11
Q

Tachycardia

A

Very fast heart rate

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12
Q

Conduction Disorders

A

Heart does not beat normally

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13
Q

Premature contraction

A

early heart beat

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14
Q

ECG of A fib

A

missing P wave which is the absence of atrial depolarization
SA node may not start the contraction
-electrical current does not flow because the contractions are so rapid and disorganized
-AV node often cant regulate the chaotic current (vetnricles beat more often)

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15
Q

ECG of slow ventricular response

A

spacey small peaks

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16
Q

Moderate ventricular response

A

larger negative peaks

17
Q

Rapid Ventricular Response

A

multiple large positive peaks

18
Q

Conversion back to normal sinus rhythm

A

electrical cadioversion
radiofrequency ablation
maze procedure

19
Q

electrical cardioversion

A

low voltage electric current to reset heart rhythm to normal sinus rhythm
pacemaker

20
Q

radiofrequency ablation

A

use radio waves to manage arrhythmias, usually before pacemaker

21
Q

maze operation

A

create scar tissue to block abnormal signal, direct electric signal through a controlled path to ventricle

22
Q

Controlling ventricular rate response

A 
Reducing overly high heart rate 
Medicines:
digoxin
beta blockers
calcium channel blockers
anti-arrhythmic
23
Q

Digoxin

A

slow HR, at atria to ventricle through inhibition of sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase

24
Q

Beta-Blockers

A

slow HR

Antagonists that block the receptor sites for EPI and NE on adrenergic beta receptors of SNS

25
Q

Calcium-Channel blockers

A

slow HR, reduce strength of cardiac muscle contraction

prevent or reduce the calcium channels

26
Q

Preventing blood clots

A

antiplatelets
anticoagulants
antithrombotic

27
Q

Exercise response on atrial fib

A

Rapid irregular ventricular heart rate

  • HR is high at any workload
  • reduced SV due to limited atrial assistance during diastole
  • HR response can be affected by comorbid conditions and medications
  • exercise capactiy is reduced by 15-20%
28
Q

Exercise Testing considerations

A
  • Age predicted heart rate max is not valid
  • irregular ventricular response may make BP determination less precise or more difficult
  • Beta-Blockers may reduce exercise capacity, decrease submaximal HR and BP
  • Verapamil (Calcium Channel Blockers) may mask ischemia and decrease HR response to exercise
  • Digoxin may control ventricular response; diffuse ST effects
29
Q

Exercise Programming

A

because ventricular rate is so irregular… work rate or perceived exertion should be prescribed
Comorbidities are important to ascertain in population with AF
Must watch for HYPOTENSION

30
Q

Short term effects of exercise on AF

A

reduced AF burden

reduced symptom severity

31
Q

Long term effects of exercise on AF

A

increase AF freedom

reduced symptom severity

32
Q

Potential Mechanisms of exercise on AF

A 
Reversed atrial remodeling
Weight loss 
Improved BP
Improved glycemic control
Reduced Inflammation 
Improved autonomic tone

KIN 187 Clinical Exercise Physiology (16 decks)

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