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ANSC Reproduction > Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

spermatogenesis?

A

many sperm produced; all develop surround by one sertoli cell; some degenerate;

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2
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death; normal part of spermatogenesis

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3
Q

What is apoptosis influenced by?

A

season, time of year, disease, elevated temperature, trauma, hormone levels (depending upon what they are and how mess up they become)

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4
Q

stem cell renewal?

A

keeps spermatogenesis going, why males can produce sperm for an indefinite period of time, replenishes testis incase of injury, trauma, or high heat

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5
Q

Beginning from one stem cell, what is the next step?

A

it divides into two cells where one starts spermatogenesis (series of mitotic divisions); the other remains seemingly equivalent as a stem cell to possibly divide and repopulate that portion of stem cells

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6
Q

Describe spermatogonial renewal in the rat/bull.

A

stem cell pool will divide and the other will enter into a series of mitotic divisions; this series of mitotic divisions is under the influence of FSH which is important for recruitment of the pools of follicles that have the oocyte in it and is also influential in some of those initial steps of spermatogenesis

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7
Q

Describe spermatogonial renewal in the primate?

A

fewer mitotic divisions; FSH is more influential in the entry phase ** depends on where FSH enters to observe how important it is **

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8
Q

What are the levels of the ST in order?

A

interstitial compartment, basement membrane, basal compartment, adluminal compartment, lumen

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9
Q

interstitial compartment?

A

blood supply, leydig cells

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10
Q

basal compartment?

A

where spermatogonial stem cells are that will also initiate proliferation above the basement membrane

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11
Q

lumen?

A

open compartment where sperm is released

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12
Q

Which compartment has a series of mitotic divisions occurring (spermatogenesis) and the presence of primary spermatocytes?

A

basal compartment

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13
Q

Which compartment has an environment favorable for meiosis to be initiated and completed as well where round spermatids are transformed to fully formed sperm?

A

adluminal

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14
Q

spermiogenesis?

A

transformation of round spermatid to fully formed sperm

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15
Q

which compartment releases sperm in a process called spermiation?

A

lumen

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16
Q

In which compartment of ST do sperm cells increase toward the lumen to be released as they increase in maturity?

A

basal

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17
Q

Which two compartments of ST are separated by the basement membrane?

A

interstitial and basal

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18
Q

which compartment contains the blood vessels that are essential for spermatogenesis and can travel across the basement membrane to affect the way spermatids undergo spermatogenesis?

A

interstitial

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19
Q

the vascular system of the basal and interstitial compartments provides what four essential items?

A

nutrients, oxygen, growth factors, hormones

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20
Q

Which compartment houses the blood testis barrier?

A

adluminal compartment

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21
Q

tight junctions?

A

where sertoli cells are connected to each other; form from blood testis barrier

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22
Q

Function of blood testis barrier?

A

establishes a barrier for certain components not to cross; essential for meiosis

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23
Q

What hormone is the blood testis barrier under the influence of?

A

FSH and after puberty it is maintained by FSH and testosterone

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24
Q

When does the blood testis barrier first appear?

A

at puberty

25
Q

What is the role of the tight junctions in meiosis?

A

sertoli cells manipulate the environment around primary spermatocytes which enter and complete meiosis

26
Q

What does destruction of the tight junctions is meiosis cause? What causes this to occur?

A

impairment in meiosis; can be caused by heat, heavy metals, pesticides, lack of FSH or Testosterone

27
Q

What is sperm production dependent upon?

A

testis size, length of spermatogenesis (how long it takes to make sperm), efficiency of spermatogenesis (not just how many mitotic divisions occur but also how many germ cells degenerate), apoptosis

28
Q

Does the size of an animal associate with the capacity for sperm production?

A

no

29
Q

what is the duration of spermatogenesis dependent upon?

A

species

30
Q

What is the typical length of spermatogenesis cycles in the ST?

A

every 13.5 days a group of cells is released as well as a new group of cells initiates the cycle; this occurs through a series of coordinated releases

31
Q

Do all sperm proliferate at the same time? why or why not?

A

No, they cycle and differs upon species

32
Q

how many cycles does it take to form spermatazoa?

A

4.5-5 with some species variation

33
Q

What occurs during cycle one?

A

stem cell divides and undergoes mitotic divisions in the ST, travels to the lumen, enters meiosis after passing the blood testis barrier, then undergoes spermiogenesis and then spermiation (basically traveling through the different levels of the compartments of the ST and their functions in each)

34
Q

What occurs during cycle two?

A

same things as cycle one

35
Q

spermatogonic waves?

A

refer to cycles which occur along the length of the ST (12-14)

36
Q

why can’t every stem cell in ST divide at the same time?

A

because it leads to a massive release of sperm into the lumen which could clog up the lumen

37
Q

___ initiate mitotic divisions at regular intervals and then proceed at a fixed rate.

A

stem cells

38
Q

__ forms spermatogenic waves.

A

coordination of stages

39
Q

In the spermatogenic waves, some portion of the ST is always releasing __. Why?

A

sperm; goes towards not clogging the ST

40
Q

Discuss differences in sperm between species.

A

there is a big difference in the sperm head; tails look almost identical; size of sperm doesn’t equate to size of male that it is coming from

41
Q

Why is sperm structure important?

A

must be able to move and fertilize an egg

42
Q

Most of the head of sperm is covered by what?

A

acrosome

43
Q

Function of neck region?

A

connect the tail to the head

44
Q

Function of mid piece?

A

1st section of tail (flagellum) that has mitochondria that produce ATP which is important for motility

45
Q

What is the annulus?

A

the termination of the mid piece

46
Q

What is special about the acrosome of the bovine spermatozoa?

A

it bends back over

47
Q

What is the acrosome of the bovine spermatozoa surrounded by?

A

plasma membrane

48
Q

Function of equatorial segment located on head of bovine spermatozoa?

A

certain proteins localize here compared to other parts

49
Q

what does the cross section of sperm reveal about its structure?

A

sperm is flat and the acrosome spreads over the head of the sperm

50
Q

What do acrosomal contents have that are needed to fertilize zygote?

A

proteins and nutrients

51
Q

Layers of sperm head in order (outside to inside)?

A

plasma membrane, outer acrosomal membrane, acrosomal contents, inner acrosomal membrane, nuclear membrane, nucleus

52
Q

What three things occur during spermiogenesis?

A

histones are replaced with protamines, nucleus is highly condensed, helps protect sperm DNA

53
Q

What enzymes are needed for fertilization?

A

hydrolytic

54
Q

What are the two hydrolytic enzymes needed for fertilization?

A

acrosin and hyaluronidase

55
Q

What are protamines highly needed for?

A

to protect the sperm

56
Q

What is the function of the capitulum?

A

hooks the tail into the head

57
Q

___ is the contractile portion of the tail which causes it to bend.

A

axoneme of mid piece

58
Q

which section of the sperm tail has nine outer coarse fibers (fibrous sheath surrounds tail except at the end of the tail.

A

mid piece

59
Q

what are the three sections of the sperm tail?

A

mid piece, principal piece, terminal piece

ANSC Reproduction (15 decks)

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