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ANSC Reproduction > Male Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The manufacturing and assembly plant that must be air conditioned

A

testes

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2
Q

What is the manufacturing complex?

A

the process of producing fertile sperm and transporting it outside of the male reproductive tract

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3
Q

What are the five stages of the manufacturing complex?

A

sperm is produced in the testis, fluid is absorbed and the spermatazoa undergo changes that will allow them to become fertile in the head and body of the epididymis, spermatozoa is stored in the tail of the epididymis, spermatozoa travel to the accessory sex glands fluids in the seminal plasmsa, and then are emitted through ejaculation from an erection in the penis

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4
Q

What are the male gonads referred to as?

A

testes

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5
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

male gametes (spermatozoa) and hormones (testosterone, others), fluids

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6
Q

What are the different layers of the scrotum? Hint: There are 3 before you reach the testis.

A

skin, stratum subdarticum, tunica dartos muscle

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7
Q

How is the scrotum thermoregulated?

A

It has thinner skin (leading to low insulation and is outside the body), has sweat glands, and has thermosensitive nerves (sweat glands, respiratory rate)

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8
Q

Which component regulates the temperature of the testes?

A

tunica dartos

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9
Q

How does the tunica dartos regulate the testes?

A

smooth muscle contractions (varying with scrotal temperature) and sustained contractions (close to body, away from body, increases surface area)

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10
Q

What controls the contractions used to regulate the teste temperature in the tunica dartos?

A

Androgens

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11
Q

What are the four different parts of the testes?

A

testicular capsule, parenchyma, mediastinum, rete tubules

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the testicular capsule?

A

tunica vaginalis (parietal, visceral) and tunica albuginea

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13
Q

What is the function of the Leydig cells?

A

to produce testosterone

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14
Q

What are the two compartments of the testicular parenchyma?

A

tubular and interstitial

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15
Q

What are the two functions of the epididymis?

A

environment for maturation of sperm (motility and fertility) and stores sperm

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16
Q

What is the fertility and motility of sperm in the body of the epididymis?

A

some motility and some fertility (can bind to the ova)

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17
Q

What is the fertility and motility of sperm in the head of the epididymis?

A

not motile, not fertile

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18
Q

What is the motility and fertility of sperm in the tail of the epididymis?

A

motile, fertile, can bind to ova

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19
Q

What are the two functions of the spermatic cord?

A

suspends/supports testis and is a pathway for lymphatics, nerves, and vasculature to/from testis, houses ductus vas deferens, testis temperature control (pampiniform plexus and cremaster muscle)

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20
Q

What are the 4 functions of the cremaster muscle?

A

supports and aids in temperature control, continuous with abdominal oblique, contracts/relaxes, non-sustainable contractions

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21
Q

What are the 3 structures of the spermatic cord?

A

cremaster muscle, pampiniform plexus, vas deferens

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22
Q

The testes must be how many degrees Celcius cooler than body temperature?

A

4-6

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23
Q

What complications does the disruption of cooling mechanisms cause in the testis?

A

severely compromises spermatogenesis

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24
Q

__ extends from the inguinal ring to its attachment on the dorsal pole of the testis.

A

spermatic cord

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25
Q

What anatomical structure suspends the testis in the scrotum?

A

spermatic cord

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26
Q

What is the function of the spermatic cord?

A

provides pathway to/from body for testicular vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves

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27
Q

What 3 anatomical parts does the spermatic cord house?

A

ductus deferens (vas deferens), cremaster muscle, pampiniform plexus

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28
Q

The majority of the spermatic cord consists of what 2 things?

A

testicular artery and testicular veins

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29
Q

___ serves as a pulse pressure eliminator (pulse pressure is decreased going from inguinal ring into testis).

A

testicular artery

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30
Q

___ surround the testicular artery, forming the pampiniform plexus.

A

testicular veins

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31
Q

What are the three functions of the pampiniform plexus?

A

1) important for temperature control of the testis 2) complex network of spermatic artery and veins forms a countercurrent heat exchanger 3) this network of veins eventually forms a single vein which runs into caudal vena cava

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32
Q

What are the two functions of the cremaster muscle?

A

primary support for testes, control of testicular temperature by a contracting and relaxing pampiniform plexus to facilitate blood flow

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33
Q

T/F The cremaster muscle is not capable of sustained contractions.

A

True

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34
Q

Scrotum?

A

two lobed sac that protects and supports testes, necessary for proper temperature regulation, composed of four layers

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35
Q

What are the four layers of the scrotum?

A

skin, tunica dartos, scrotal fascia, parietal vaginal tunic

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36
Q

What 3 components of the skin of the scrotum assist with temperature control?

A

sweat glands - temp control through evaporative heat transfer; thermosensitive nerves - govern degree of scrotal sweating and respiratory rate of animal (high temp = high respiratory rate); contains little fat - if too much fat then could interfere with cooling mechanism of scrotum and pampiniform plexus

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37
Q

Tunica Dartos?

A

mesh-like smooth muscle layer, lies beneath scrotal skin

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38
Q

T/F The tunica dartos cannot maintain sustained contractions.

A

False

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39
Q

The development and maintenance of the tunica dartos are under __ control.

A

androgen

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40
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

to produce male gametes, hormones, proteins, fluids

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41
Q

What hormones do the testes produce?

A

testosterone, inhibin, estrogens, and others

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42
Q

What proteins do the testes produce?

A

proteins for spermatozoa function

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43
Q

What fluids do the testes produce?

A

rete fluid which serves as a vehicle for suspension and removal of spermatozoa

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44
Q

What are the four parts of the testes?

A

testicular capsule, parenchyma, mediastinum, rete tubules

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45
Q

What are the two functions of the testicular capsule?

A

covering of the testis, capable of undergoing changes in response to hormones and neurotransmitters

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46
Q

What are the two layers of the testicular capsule?

A

vesceral vaginal tunic, tunica albuginea

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47
Q

Functions of the tunica albuginea?

A

sends many finger-like projections into the parenchyma of the testicle that join with the mediastinum; contains smooth muscle which controls rhythmic contractions that provide a pumping action to movement of spermatozoa into rete tubules and efferent ducts

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48
Q

Parenchyma?

A

specific cellular mass of a gland or organ supported by a connective tissue network

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49
Q

What do the two comparments of the parenchyma consist of?

A

tubular and interstitial compartments

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50
Q

What are the four tubular compartments of the parenchyma?

A

seminiferous tubules, sertoli cells, tight junctions, blood testis barrier

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51
Q

Where does spermatogenesis take place in the seminiferous tubules?

A

tubulus contortus (convoluted portion)

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52
Q

What 3 components comprise the seminiferous tubule?

A

contractile peritubular cells, basement membrane, seminiferous epithelium (germinal epithelium)

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53
Q

What are the two major regions of the seminiferous epithelium?

A

basal compartment, adluminal compartment

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54
Q

What is the purpose of the basal component of the seminiferous epithelium?

A

houses spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes

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55
Q

What is the function of the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium?

A

houses primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids

56
Q

What are the only somatic cells in seminiferous epithelium?

A

sertoli cells

57
Q

Where are the sertoli cells located?

A

they are anchored to the basement membrane in seminiferous epithelium and surround the developing germ cell

58
Q

___ are the cellular governors of spermatogenesis.

A

sertoli cells

59
Q

Each sertoli cell holds multiple ___ cells.

A

germ

60
Q

What does a high number of sertoli cells indicate?

A

a high number of spermatozoa

61
Q

Sertoli cells are analogus to __ cells of ovarian follicles.

A

granulosa

62
Q

The sertoli cells contains receptors for what 2 hormones?

A

FSH and testosterone

63
Q

What four substances do the sertoli cells produce?

A

androgen binding protein, sulfated glycoproteins 1 & 2, transferrin, inhibin

64
Q

What are the 2 functions of tight junctions of the tubular compartments of the parenchyma?

A

1) Separate germinal epithelium into basal compartment and adluminal compartment 2) Prevent large molecular weight materials and immune cells from getting into adluminal compartment

65
Q

What is the blood testis barrier?

A

formed from the peritubular cells surrounding seminiferous tubule and the sertoli cell junctional complexes

66
Q

What is the function of the blood testis barrier?

A

prevents autoimmune destruction of developing germ cells

67
Q

What does the interstitial of the parenchyma compose of?

A

blood vessels, connective tissue, lymphatics, nerves, interstitial cells of Leydig

68
Q

What is the function of the interstitial cells of Leydig?

A

produce testosterone

69
Q

What is the function of the mediastinum?

A

central connective tissue core of the testis that houses ducts called rete tubules and prevents their collapse so sperm can move freely out of testis

70
Q

What are rete tubules? Function?

A

tiny channels that transport sperm out of testis

71
Q

What is the function of the excurrent duct system?

A

allows for final maturation, storage, and delivery of spermatozoa to pelvic urethra

72
Q

What are the three parts of the excurrent duct system?

A

efferent ducts, convey newly formed spermatozoa and rete fluid into epididymal duct, epididymal duct

73
Q

What is the epididymal duct?

A

single, highly convoluted duct, surrounded by smooth muscle

74
Q

What are the 2 functions of the epididymal duct?

A

1) where sperm mature and acquire motility and potential fertility 2) storage reservoir for sperm

75
Q

What are the three parts of the epididymal duct?

A

head, body, tail

76
Q

Epididymal transit time?

A

time required to go from head to tail

77
Q

Extragonadal reserves (EGR)?

A

total spermatozoal content of the epididymal duct, the ductus deferens and the ampulla

78
Q

What are the accessory sex glands dependent on?

A

testosterone for full development and maintenance of their structure and function

79
Q

Where are most of the secretions of the accessory glands found?

A

in the blood

80
Q

What is a unique secretion of the accessory sex glands?

A

fructose, which is an energy source for sperm

81
Q

The seminal plasma includes secretions from what two anatomical parts?

A

epididymis and accessory sex glands

82
Q

Seminal plasma?

A

the liquid, noncellular portion of semen

83
Q

__ is the vehicle for spermatozoa.

A

seminal plasma

84
Q

The seminal plasma is produced by what four anatomical parts?

A

ampulla, vesicular glands, prostate glands, bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)

85
Q

Where does the ampulla open?

A

directly into the pelvic urethra

86
Q

Which species does not have a noticeable ampulla?

A

boar

87
Q

What does the ampulla increase?

A

mucosa

88
Q

Ampulla?

A

enlargements of ductus (vas) deferens

89
Q

Vesicular glands?

A

paired glands that are dorsocranial to pelvic urethra

90
Q

Where do the secretions of the vesicular glands empty?

A

directly into the pelvic urethra

91
Q

What are the vesicular glands also known as?

A

seminal vesicles

92
Q

The ___ is known as the lobulated gland.

A

vesicular gland

93
Q

The __ consists of the large amount of ejaculate volume.

A

vesicular glands

94
Q

Where is the prostate gland located?

A

near bladder and pelvic urethra

95
Q

What are the 2 structural forms of the prostate gland?

A

corpus prostate, disseminate prostate

96
Q

Corpus prostate?

A

prostate is outside the urethralis muscle

97
Q

Disseminate prostate?

A

distributed along the dorsal and lateral walls of the pelvic urethra; sometimes referred to as the urethral gland

98
Q

What is the corpus prostate of a boar shaped like?

A

heart-shaped

99
Q

What is the corpus prostate of a stallion shaped like?

A

H-shaped

100
Q

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)?

A

paired glands located on either side of the pelvic urethra near ischial arch

101
Q

The Cowper’s glands are typically small and avoid and dense but in the which species are they very large?

A

boar

102
Q

The ___ gland is made up of high fibrous connective tissue.

A

Cowper’s (Bulbourethral)

103
Q

In the ram, bull, and stallion the bulbourethral glands are small and buried under the ___ muscle.

A

bulbospongiosus

104
Q

The bulbourethral gland produces what?

A

viscerous secretions

105
Q

Viscerous secretions?

A

gel fraction of ejaculate

106
Q

What do the viscerous secretions cause?

A

seminal plasma to coagulate after ejaculation

107
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

the copulatory organ

108
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

A

base, shaft, glans penis

109
Q

Function of the base of the penis?

A

root of the penis; attached to ischial arch

110
Q

Function of the shaft of the penis?

A

main portion; made up of corpus cavernosum

111
Q

Corpus cavernosum?

A

spongy erectile tissue

112
Q

Glans penis?

A

highly specialized distal end, heavily populated with sensory nerves

113
Q

__ is the homologue of the female clitoris.

A

glans penis

114
Q

What is the primary factor for initiating mechanisms of ejaculation?

A

stimulation by the glans penis

115
Q

In which species is the glans penis covered with spines?

A

tom

116
Q

In which species is the glans penis a stiff, spiny appendage (cartilagenous process)?

A

alpaca

117
Q

In which species is the glans penis a corkscrew shape?

A

boar

118
Q

Which three species have a fibroelastic penis?

A

boar, bull, ram

119
Q

Species with a __ penis have limited erectile tissue encased in a non-expandable, dense connective tissue.

A

fibroelastic

120
Q

Species with a fibroelastic penis have what three parts?

A

sigmoid flexure, corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum

121
Q

Sigmoid flexure?

A

S-shaped configuration of the penis

122
Q

Function of the sigmoid flexure?

A

allows the penis to be retracted inside the body

123
Q

How is the sigmoid flexure maintained?

A

by the retractor penis muscle

124
Q

Function of the retractor penis muscle?

A

when contracted, it holds penis inside; when relaxed, penis extends/protrudes

125
Q

Corpus cavernosum?

A

makes up majority of penile interior; area of spongy erectile tissue

126
Q

Corpus spongiosum?

A

area surrounding penile urethra, erectile tissue

127
Q

How does an erection occur?

A

when the retractor penis muscle relaxes blood rushes into the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum

128
Q

The penis is controlled by what 3 muscles?

A

ischiocavernosus muscles urethralis, bulbospongiosus muscle

129
Q

Ischiocavernosus muscles?

A

muscles associated with pelvic urethra and penis; short paired muscles in area of root of penis

130
Q

___ are strong muscles enclosing the crura that insert broadly on the lateral surface of the penis above the sigmoid flexure.

A

ischiocavernosus muscles

131
Q

Function of the ischiocavernosus muscles?

A

connect the penis to the ischial arch

132
Q

Urethralis?

A

striated muscle that surrounds pelvic urethra

133
Q

Function of the urethralis?

A

responsible for moving spermatozoa and seminal plasma into penile urethra

134
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

overlaps root of penis; extends down caudal and ventral surfaces; covers bulbourethral glands

135
Q

Function of bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

to empty extrapelvic part of urethra

ANSC Reproduction (15 decks)

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