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ANSC Reproduction > Hormones of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Hormones of Pregnancy Flashcards

0
Q

What is the hormone of pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

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1
Q

Histotrophe?

A

Growth of luminal and glandular endometrial epithelium

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2
Q

What is the major source of progesterone in humans, primates, sheep, and horses?

A

Placenta

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3
Q

Two places progesterone is found.

A

Placenta, CL

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4
Q

Name 5 species in which the placenta does not take over progesterone production.

A

Dog, cat, rabbit, goat, alpaca, llama, camel

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5
Q

What are the 6 actions of progesterone?

A

1) inhibits or delays LH secretion and ovulation
2) acts on endometrium & myometrium growth with estrogen
3) immunomodulatory
4) uterine quiescence
5) inhibits ER formation
6) blocks OT release from post-pituitary, OT action, and OTR formation

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6
Q

Uterine quiescence?

A

Inhibits myometrium contractions

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7
Q

What can happen to progesterone concentrations during the luteal phase of the cycle?

A

May increase greatly (humans) or moderately (sheep) or no difference (cow, pig)

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8
Q

What are the four estrogen hormones?

A

Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrone sulphate (E1SO4)

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9
Q

What is the correct potency of the estrogen hormones?

A

E2 > E1 > E3 > E1SO4

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10
Q

When do estrogens typically rise in pregnancy?

A

Toward the end of pregnancy

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11
Q

What ate the sources of estrogens?

A

Ovary, placenta, fetus, or all three

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12
Q

What are the 6 actions of estrogens?

A

1) with P4, stimulate endometrial, myometrial, and mammary gland growth
2) stimulate ER an OTR
3) participate in uterine tract motility
4) behavior
5) cervical mucous
6) uterine motility, transport, parturition

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13
Q

In which species do estrogen levels not change throughout gestation?

A

Woman

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14
Q

What are the 3 adrenal steroids?

A

Cortisol, CBG (corticosteroid binding globulin), aldosterone

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15
Q

Function of cortisol?

A

Increase due to decreased metabolism

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16
Q

Function of CBG?

A

Production by liver increase due to estrogen

17
Q

Function of aldosterone?

A

Increases when changes in adrenal function are not thought to be related to pregnancy maintenance, in general, a pregnant animal survives adrenalectomy better than a non-pregnant animal

18
Q

What are the 3 anterior pituitary hormones during pregnancy?

A

Prolactin, LH, FSH

19
Q

Prolactin?

A

Increases due to increased TRH which causes prolactin release

20
Q

LH and FSH?

A

Decrease due to negative feedback of progesterone

21
Q

What are the 7 placental hormones?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), interferon-tau, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), placental lactogen, insulin-like growth factor I and II, alpha-fetoprotein, relaxin

22
Q

Functions of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

A

1) strong LH activity
2) prevents luteal regression
3) steroidogenic to placenta
4) steroidogenic to fetus
5) pregnancy test

23
Q

Functions of interferon-tau?

A

1) maternal recognition protein in ruminants
2) type 1 interferon - antiviral
3) stimulates production of IFN-related proteins
4) inhibits OTR and ER formation

24
Q

What is equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) also known as?

A

Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG)

25
Q

Function of eCG?

A

1) produced by chorion
2) has LH-like and FSH-like activity
3) causes luteinization of ovarian follicles
4) accessory corpora lutea, a source of P4
5) produced from approx. 40-120 days

26
Q

In Which hormone do chorionic cells form a thick equatorial girdle around the chorion?

A

eCG

27
Q

In which hormone do cells migrate and invade endometrium forming endometrial cup cells?

A

eCG

28
Q

Cells secrete eCG causing accessory CL which secretes what?

A

P4

29
Q

Which placental hormone is closely related to GH and PRL?

A

Placental lactogen

30
Q

How is placental lactogen synthesized? In humans? Bovine?

A

By trophoblasts
Human: syncytiotrophoblast
Bovine: giant binucleate cells

31
Q

When is human placental lactogen (PL) detectable?

A

In the 5th-6th week and plateaus at term with a concentration of 6-8 micrograms/mL

32
Q

PL production ____ throughout pregnancy with placental growth.

A

Increases

33
Q

What are the 4 actions of placental lactogen?

A

1) affects metabolic changes in mother
2) glucose sparing (causes mobilization of free FA, shifts delivery of glucose to fetus as placenta
3) in other species, PL has lactogenic/luteotrophic and GH-like activity
4) PL is the dis erogenous factor in pregnancy, highest last 4 weeks, causes abnormal glucose tolerance tests

34
Q

Functions of insulin-like growth factor I and II?

A

1) mediates some effects of Growth Hormone
2) found in placental tissues and fetal liver
3) influences growth and glucose metabolism
4) often works in concert with other hormones
5) structurally similar to insulin

35
Q

Functions of alpha-fetoprotein?

A

1) produced by yolk sac and fetal liver
2) involved in steroid-binding and osmoregulation similar to albumin
3) in female fetus, binds estradiol, blocking its transfer across blood-brain barrier, thereby protecting female brain from defeminization

36
Q

Which hormone is diagnostic for neural tube defects - spina bifida, anencephaly (absence of all or part of the brain)?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

37
Q

What factors influence fetal growth?

A

Fetal hormones (thyroid-skeletal and muscular development, insulin (IGF)-increased energy substrate availability and stimulates placental growth, Growth Hormone (IGF)-stimulates fetal growth

38
Q

Functions of relaxin?

A

1) separation of pubis by relaxation of pelvic ligaments
2) may influence the ripening or softening of the cervix
3) in pigs - stimulates uterine growth

39
Q

What are the sources of relaxin?

A

Pigs, cows: CL

Humans, mates, cats, pigs, rabbit, monkey: placenta

ANSC Reproduction (15 decks)

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