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ANSC Reproduction > Implantation and Placental Development > Flashcards

Implantation and Placental Development Flashcards

1
Q

embryo?

A

organism in early stages of development which has not yet acquired anatomical form making it recognizable as a specific species

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2
Q

fetus?

A

potential offspring that is generally recognizable as a member of a given species

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3
Q

conceptus?

A

the products of conception: 1) the embryo during early stages 2) the embryo and extraembryonic membranes during preimplantation stage and 3) the fetus and placenta during postattachment stages

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4
Q

___ make up the fetal side of the placenta in farm animals.

A

fetal extraembryonic membranes

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5
Q

What are the 5 fetal extraembryonic membranes?

A

chorion; allantois; umbilical cord; amnion; yolk sac

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6
Q

chorion?

A

encloses embryo and all other extraembryonic membranes.

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7
Q

What is the site of attachment to the uterus composed of?

A

mesoderm and trophectoderm (produce hormones)

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8
Q

allantois?

A

contains blood vessels that connect fetal circulation with placental circulation.

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9
Q

An outgrowth of the hind gut that fuses with the chorion forms ____ which is composed of the mesoderm and endoderm.

A

chorioallantois placenta

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10
Q

In humans ___ regresses after formation leaving allantois blood vessels in the umbilical cord which infiltrates the chroion.

A

allantois

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11
Q

umbilical cord?

A

encloses allantoic blood vessels and forms the vascular link between the mother and fetus

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12
Q

amnion?

A

fluid-filled sac that encloses the fetus and provides stability and protection, supplies water and other materials from amniotic fluid

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13
Q

In humans __ will fuse with the chorion.

A

amnion

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14
Q

amniocentesis?

A

in humans, a procedure to check for sex of fetus: small needle inserted into amnion and fluid extracted (genetic disorders indicated as well) - diagnostic test for abnormalities in fetal cells as well as sex

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15
Q

yolk sac?

A

develops early, lines trophoblast and blastocoele cavity. Early, it provides red blood cells and primordial germ cells and serum-like proteins as it serves a function similar to the liver.

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16
Q

__ regresses with fetal development.

A

yolk sac

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17
Q

From inside out, what are the layers for the differentiation of conceptus cell types?

A

primative gut, endoderm, mesoderm, trophectoderm, inner cell mass, ectoderm

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18
Q

In order from inside out, what are the layers of the extraembyronic membranes?

A

yolk sac, endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm, chorion; formation of embryo, allantoic cavity, allantois, amnion, chorion

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19
Q

What are the four placental membranes?

A

chorion, yolk sac, amnion, allantois

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20
Q

The blood vessels that form are connected to the fetus through the ___.

A

umbilical cord

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21
Q

___ expands to fill the chorion.

A

allantoic cavity

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22
Q

What occurs prior to implantation?

A

blastocyst is bathed in uterine secretions and draws upon them for growth and survival; accumulation of organic molecules and ions by active cellular transport; exchanges of CO2 and O2 by simple diffusion

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23
Q

T/F: This is a limit to the size a free living conceptus can obtain before the CO2 and O2 exchange mechanism can become inadequate.

A

T

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24
Q

placenta?

A

zone of highly vascular contact between mother and conceptus, where two discrete ciruculations lie in close contact for rapid and efficient transfer of materials

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25
Q

What are the two types of implantation?

A

invasive; noninvasive

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26
Q

invasive implantation?

A

conceptus breaks through surface endometrial eptithelium and invades underlying stroma

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27
Q

noninvasive implantation?

A

endometrial epithelium is retained (or at least breached only sporadically, transiently, or much later)

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28
Q

What is the mechanism of the trophoblast and luminal epithelium attachment?

A

through physical contact by interlocking microvilli

29
Q

___ attachment induces vascularization and differentiation of underlying stroma.

A

invasive

30
Q

Decidualization of the uterus occurs during __ implantation.

A

invasive

31
Q

What is decidualization?

A

1) edema - bumps full of blood form on uterus 2) changes in stromal cell morphology 3) sprouting and growth of capillaries in endometrium 4) decidua

32
Q

decidua?

A

endometrial component of placenta; the place where implantation takes place in species that undergo decidualization

33
Q

Trophoblast cells migrate and invade stroma in __ implantation.

A

invasive

34
Q

cytotrophoblast?

A

unicellular trophoblast cells (one cell, one nucleus)

35
Q

synctiotrophoblast?

A

fused cells which form a structure call the syncytium (fusing together makes gonadotropins)

36
Q

The uterine gland and stromal tissue adjacent to invading trophoblasts are destroyed, taken up and utilized by the conceptus (passed to developing blood vascular system and distributed to growing embryo) in __ implantation.

A

invasive

37
Q

interstitial invasion?

A

stroma is invaded so deeply that uterine epithelium grows back over conceptus (human, chimp)

38
Q

eccentric invasion?

A

secondary contact with uterine epithelium on side opposite where implantation initiated - may result in two sites of placental development (bidiscoid placenta of rhesus, zonary placenta (dog, cat)

39
Q

What three factors contribute to noninvasive implantation?

A

1) attachment initiated relatively late 2) prolonged free living period 3) great outgrowth of trophoblast

40
Q

placentation?

A

a term often used to describe noninvasive implantation

41
Q

chroionic villi?

A

projections on chorion that contact (interdigitate) with uterine tissue to bring fetal blood vessels in close proximity to maternal blood vessels

42
Q

What are the 5 ways that the placenta is classified by shape?

A

1) cotyledonary 2) diffuse 3) zonary 4) incomplete zonary 5) discoid

43
Q

cotyledonary classification?

A

noninvasive, chorionic villi restricted to specialized areas called cotyledons

44
Q

cotyledon?

A

specialized areas on fetal placental membrane

45
Q

caruncle?

A

maternal specialized regions on uterus to which the cotyledons attach

46
Q

placentome?

A

cotyledon and caruncle together

47
Q

Diffuse placental classification?

A

noninvasive, chrorionic villi distributed over entire surface of chorionic sac

48
Q

Zonary placental classification?

A

invasive, chorionic villi restricted to an equitorial girdle around the placenta

49
Q

Incomplete placental classification?

A

invasive, chorionic villi do not circumscribe placenta

50
Q

Discoid placental classification?

A

invasive, chorionic villi arranged in a circular plate

51
Q

Cow, sheep, deer have what type of placental classification?

A

cotyledonary

52
Q

pig, horse, camel whale, dolphin have what placental classification?

A

diffuse

53
Q

dog, cat, seal have what placental classification?

A

zonary

54
Q

mink, bear, raccoon have what placental classification?

A

incomplete zonary

55
Q

Primates, mouse, rat, rabbit, bat have what placental classification?

A

discoid

56
Q

interstitial discoid?

A

invasion so deep that epithelium of endometrium grows back over invading placenta (in humans, chimps)

57
Q

eccentric discoid?

A

bidiscoid, rhesus. secondary contact with uterine endometrium on side opposite of original implantation results in placental development on two sides of uterus

58
Q

delayed implantation?

A

embryos of most species implant shortly after entering uterus but in a number of species implantation is delayed.

59
Q

obligatory delayed implantation?

A

implantation delayed several months, may breed in fall and implant in spring; bats, bears, seals, armadillo, badger, weasel

60
Q

embryonic diapause?

A

little embryonic growth

61
Q

facultative delayed implantation?

A

induced by lactation and suckling; inhibits FSH and E2 secretions; may be induced by single injection E2 on a P4 background; E acts through ER and uterine metabolite catechol estrogens to activate embryo to implant

62
Q

The blood gas exchange at the chorion is a __ attachment.

A

endometrium

63
Q

The placenta is highly permeable to water and electrolytes stored in exchange between which two fluids?

A

allantoic and amniotic

64
Q

The placenta coverts glucose to fructose which allows for storage in __ fluid.

A

allantoic

65
Q

How is fetal fat formed?

A

from FA transferred across the placenta

66
Q

How does the fetus make proteins?

A

from transferred amino acids

67
Q

T/F: Fat soluble vitamins cross the placenta easier than the water soluble vitamins.

A

F

68
Q

T/F: In domestic species, minerals are transferred across the placenta.

A

T

69
Q

Antibodies to fight disease do/do not cross the placenta. Why or why not?

A

do not: the newborn will get these antibodies from the first milk (colostrum)

ANSC Reproduction (15 decks)

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