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ANSC Reproduction > Female Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

gametogenesis

A

two gametes come together

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2
Q

When does offspring undergo puberty?

A

8-10 mo.

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3
Q

What do males undergo at puberty? Females?

A

Males: produce sperm Females: ovarian activity (oocytes released every 21 days)

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4
Q

conception

A

oocyte is fertilzed

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5
Q

postpartum quiescence

A

inestrus; ovaries are largely inactive; uterus was small, enlarged for fetus, then small again (but not the same as before)

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6
Q

Fertilization can occur, but the ___ can die.

A

embryo

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7
Q

puerperium

A

postpartum recovery

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8
Q

What is the importance of the corpus luteum?

A

secretes progesterone and maintains the pregnancy

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9
Q

What are the female gonads also known as?

A

Ovaries

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10
Q

What are the 7 tubular structures in the female reproductive tract?

A

Oviducts, uterine horns, uterine body, cervix, vagina, vestibule, vulva

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11
Q

What ate the different layers of the tubular structures in order from outside to inside?

A

Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa, lumen

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12
Q

What is the function of the mesovarian?

A

The part of the broad ligament that supports the ovaries.

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13
Q

What is the function of the mesosalpinx?

A

The part of the broad ligament that supports the oviduct.

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14
Q

What is the function of the mesometrium?

A

The part of the broad ligament that supports the uterine horns.

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15
Q

What is the function of the broad ligament?

A

Connective tissue that suspends and supports the reproductive tract and houses vasculature, lymphatic drainage and nerves.

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16
Q

What is the artery known as that brings supply to the uterus and ovaries?

A

Uterine artery

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17
Q

What hormones are produced in the female gonads?

A

Estrogen, progesterone, others

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18
Q

What are the layers of the ovary from the outermost layer to the innermost layer?

A

Germinal surface epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex, medulla

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19
Q

What is the function of the hilus?

A

To support an allow blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves to enter the ovaries

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20
Q

Corpus hemorrhagicum?

A

Blood clot

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21
Q

What are the outermost to innermost layers of an antral follicle?

A

Theca externa, THEA interna, basement membrane, granulosa, antrum (follicular fluid), oocyte

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22
Q

What are the 3 functions of the oviduct?

A

Bi-directional gamete transport (sperm, oocyte), environment for fertilization and early embryo development, transports embryo to uterus

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23
Q

What are the different areas from the tip of the uterine horn to the ovary?

A

Utero-tubal junction, isthmus, ampullary-isthmic junction, ampulla, infundibulum, ostium, fimbria

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24
Q

What are the six functions of the uterus?

A

Luteolysis and control of cyclicity, sperm transport, retains and nourishes preattachment embryo development, maternal contribution to placenta, retains and nourishes fetus throughout gestation, expulsion of fetus and fetal placenta

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25
Q

What are the 5 functions of the cervix?

A

Secretes mucus during estrus, secretes mucus to prevent microbial contamination, site of semen deposition during natural mating in sows, sperm filter in some species, birth canal

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26
Q

What are the 5 functions of the vagina?

A

Copulatory organ, site of semen deposition during natural mating in some species, pheromone production, birth canal, site for expulsion of urine

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27
Q

What ate the three functions of the vaginal-urethra vestibule?

A

Secretory activity changes with endocrine status, common to urinary and reproductive systems, extends from external urethral orifice to the labia of the vulva

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28
Q

What is the purpose of secreting mucus during estrus?

A

It provides lubrication during copulation

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29
Q

How does secreting mucus prevent microbial contamination?

A

The cervix seals and seals the pregnancy and the mucus prevents any microbes from approaching the cervix

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30
Q

What does the thickening of the vestibule at estrus protect and prevent?

A

Protects vagina during copulation and prevents microorganisms from
getting into vasculature

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31
Q

What are the 3 functions of the clitoris?

A

Female homologue of the penis, contains erectile tissue, well supplied with sensory nerves

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32
Q

What are the 2 functions of the external genitalia?

A

External opening to reproductive tract, form a closure to prevent entry of foreign material into vagina

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33
Q

What are four phenomena seen in fertility?

A

Vaginal dentata, female bedbug, hysterectomy, hyena

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34
Q

Vagina dentata?

A

A vagina with teeth

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35
Q

Female bedbug?

A

No vagina

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36
Q

Hysterectomy?

A

If woman went too long without becoming pregnant then the uterus would wander in body causing hysteria and other distresses

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37
Q

Hyena?

A

Clitoris is very large and looks like the male penis; female has a false scrotum (labia) and is the dominant sex (produces more testosterone than male)

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38
Q

What are the four concentric layers of the oviduct, uterus, cervix, and vagina?

A

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

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39
Q

Serosa?

A

single layer of squamous (flattened) cells cover the surface (outer layer)

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40
Q

Muscularis?

A

usually a double layer of smooth muscle; provides ability to contract

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41
Q

Submucosa?

A

houses blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics; supporting tissue for mucosa

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42
Q

Mucosa?

A

secretory layer of epithelium

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43
Q

Where does the broad ligament originate from?

A

the peritoneum

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44
Q

What is the function of the broad ligament?

A

suspends the reproductive tract and houses the vascular supply, the lymphatic drainage and nerves

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45
Q

What are the three components of the broad ligament?

A

mesovarium, mesosalphinx, mesometrium

46
Q

Mesovarium?

A

attaches to and supports the ovary (forms hilus)

47
Q

Mesosalphinx?

A

thin serous part of broad ligament that supports the oviduct; Bursa-like pouch that surrounds the ovary in some species; helps orient the infundibulum so ova have a high probability of being captured after ovulation

48
Q

Mesometrium?

A

supports the uterine horns (cornea) and uterine body

49
Q

What is the purpose of the utero-ovarian ligament?

A

attaches ovary to uterus

50
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

produce female gamete (oocyte); produces hormones

51
Q

What 6 hormones are produced by the ovaries?

A

estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, relaxin, inhibin, activin

52
Q

What are the three layers of the ovary?

A

tunica albuginea, ovarian cortex, ovarian medulla

53
Q

Tunica Albuginea?

A

outer layer of connective tissue covering ovary

54
Q

Ovarian Cortex?

A

houses oocytes, follicles containing oocytes, corpora lutea, corpus albicans

55
Q

Ovarian Medulla?

A

Central part of ovary; houses vasculature, the nerves, and lymphatics; dense connective tissues

56
Q

What are the 8 structures of the ovary?

A

primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary (antral) follicles, graafian follicle, corpus hemorrhagicum, corpus luteum, corpus albicans

57
Q

Primordial Follicles?

A

microscopic; oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flattened squamous cell

58
Q

Primary Follicles?

A

microscopic; oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells

59
Q

Secondary Follicles?

A

Microscopic; has two or more granulosa cell layers; no antrum; oocyte is surrounded by zona pellucida

60
Q

Tertiary (antral) follicle?

A

multiple layers of granulosa cells, antrum (fluid-filled cavity), FSH-responsive growth

61
Q

What are the 4 distinct layers of an tertiary (antral) follicle?

A

theca externa, theca interna, basement membrane, granulosa cell layer

62
Q

Theca Externa?

A

loose connective tissue that surrounds the follicle

63
Q

Theca Interna?

A

produce androgens via LH

64
Q

Granulosa cell layer

A

membrana granulosa; FSH receptors

65
Q

Graafian follicle?

A

mature follicle capable of ovulating

66
Q

Corpus Hemorrhagicum?

A

blood clot that forms after blood vessel rupture occurring after ovulation

67
Q

Corpus Luteum?

A

yellow-bodied endocrine gland; produces progesterone for maintenance of pregnancy

68
Q

Corpus Albicans?

A

degenerating corpus luteum

69
Q

What are the functions of the oviduct?

A

bi-directional transport of gametes (smooth muscle layer; muscularis); provides optimal environment for fertilization and early embryo development (mucosal layer)

70
Q

What are the 5 parts of the oviduct (salpinx)?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, ampullary-isthmic junction, isthmus, uterotubal junction

71
Q

Infundibulum?

A

terminal end nearest ovary; funnel shaped to capture newly ovulated ova; surface is covered with Fimbria; ostium

72
Q

Fimbria?

A

velvety-fingerlike projections which increases surface area of infundibulum to cover ovarian surface near time of ovulation

73
Q

ostium?

A

opening into ampulla

74
Q

Ampulla?

A

thicker portion occupying half of the oviduct; mucosal folds with ciliated epithelium

75
Q

Ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ)?

A

junction between ampulla and isthmus; generally ill-defined; site of fertilization; in mare it serves as control point for fertilized ova to pass to the isthmus

76
Q

Isthmus?

A

smaller in diameter than ampulla; thicker muscular wall; fewer mucosal folds; sperm reservoir

77
Q

Uterotubal junction?

A

point of juncture of the oviduct with uterus; regulate movement of the embryo into the uterus; barrier for sperm transport

78
Q

What are the 6 functions of the uterus?

A

sperm transport; luteolysis and control of cyclicity, retains and nourishes preattachment embryo development, maternal contribution to placenta, retains and nourishes fetus throughout gestation, expulsion of fetus and fetal placental

79
Q

What are the two parts of the uterus?

A

horns (cornua) and body

80
Q

What are the three types of horns?

A

bicornuate, duplex, simplex

81
Q

bicornuate?

A

two uterine horns and small uterine body

82
Q

What is the length of the uterine horns dependent on?

A

degree of fusion between paramesonephric ducts in fetus

83
Q

Cows have ____ bicornuate fusion.

A

moderate (intermediate length horns, small body)

84
Q

Mares have ____ bicornuate fusion.

A

high (short horns, large body)

85
Q

duplex?

A

2 cervical canals that separate each uterine horn into distinct compartments

86
Q

What are the two types of duplex horns?

A

2 vaginal canals (male opossum has forked penis); 1 vaginal canal (rabbit)

87
Q

Simplex?

A

single uterine body (none or only rudiments of uterine horns), primate

88
Q

What are the four components of the uterus?

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium, caruncles

89
Q

Myometrium (muscularis)?

A

provides motility, uterine tone, expulsion of fetus at parturition

90
Q

endometrium (mucosa and submucosa)?

A

secretes materials into lumen to enhance embryo development and sperm viability; secretes PGF(2-alpha)

91
Q

Caruncles?

A

nonglandular, highly vascularized; give rise to maternal component of placenta - site of placental attachment; fetal side = cotyledons

92
Q

What are the four functions of the cervix?

A

secretes mucous during estrus to provide lubrication during copulation; secretes mucus to prevent microbial contamination, site of semen deposition during natural mating in sows, sperm filter in some species

93
Q

What are the four parts of the cervix?

A

cervical rings or cervical folds or smooth cervix, cervical canal

94
Q

Which species have cervical rings?

A

cow and ewe (interlocking finger-like projections), sow (interdigitate requiring a special penile adaptation)

95
Q

Which species have cervical folds?

A

mare - cervix is soft during estrus

96
Q

Which species have smooth cervix?

A

dog and cat

97
Q

What are the 4 functions of the vagina?

A

copulatory organ, site of semen deposition during natural mating in some species, birth canal, site for expulsion of urine

98
Q

What are the 6 parts of the vagina?

A

fornix, cranial vagina, caudal vagina (vestibule), suburethral diverticulum, urethral tubercle, vestibular glands

99
Q

Fornix?

A

cervix protrudes into the anterior vagina forming a crypt or pocket; sperm is deposited in the fornix vagina by the bull, composed of columbar epithelial cells that secrete copious quantities of mucus during estrous (sow doesn’t have one)

100
Q

Cranial vagina?

A

originates from paramesonephric ducts and fuses with caudal vagina; high secretory activity with columnar epithelium

101
Q

Caudal Vagina (Vestibule)?

A

originates from urogenital sinus; stratefied squamous epithelium; secretory activity changes with endocrine status; at estrus it thickens; common to the urinary and reproductive systems; extends from the external urethral orifice to the labia of the vulva

102
Q

Why does the caudal vagina thicken at estrus?

A

protects vagina during copulation; prevents microorganisms from getting into vasculature

103
Q

Suburethral diverticulum?

A

blind pouch with no known function

104
Q

Urethral tubercle?

A

protrudes caudally into vestibule of the bitch; function unknown

105
Q

Vestibular glands?

A

in submucosa of vestibule and actively secrete mucous-like material during estrus

106
Q

Name 3 external genitalia.

A

vulva, perineum, clitoris

107
Q

What is the function of the vulva?

A

external opening to reproductive tract

108
Q

What are the parts of the vulva?

A

two labia (a major and minor depending on species) that meet in the medial portion to form two commissures (sites of union)

109
Q

What are the functions of the labia?

A

form a closure to prevent entry of foreign material into vagina; skin of labia has sweat glands and hair follicles; labia consist of adipose tissue into which are embedded small bundles of smooth muscle known as constrictor vulvae muscles

110
Q

Function of constrictor vulvae muscles?

A

keep labia in close apposition

111
Q

Perineum?

A

between dorsal commissure and the anus

112
Q

Clitorus?

A

the female homologue of the penis (within the clitoral fossa) contains erectile tissue, and is well supplied with sensory nerves

ANSC Reproduction (15 decks)

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