Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANSC Reproduction > Lactation Part 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Lactation Part 1 & 2 Flashcards

0
Q

The __ consists of a single layer of epithelial cells surrounding the lumen.

A

Alveolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Alveolus?

A

Basic component of secretory tissue

Sac-like structure where milk is synthesized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___ is surrounded by arterioles and venules.

A

Alveolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Each cubic inch of udder tissue may contain approximately ___ alveoli.

A

1 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F: the lumen that the alveolus surrounds secretes milk.

A

False: single layer of epithelial cells secrete milk on alveolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of myoepithelial cells?

A

Specialized muscle cells surrounding alveolus

Needs oxytocin-induced contraction for milk ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Groups of alveoli empty into a duct forming a unit called a __, which ultimately empty into the ___.

A

Lobule

Gland cistern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Several lobules create a ___.

A

Lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do ducts provide?

A

Storage area for milk and a means for transporting it outside mammary glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are myoepithelial cells arranged?

A

In a longitudinal pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ducts are lined by two layers of ___.

A

Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Difference between cow and goat udder?

A

Goat: one large gland cistern per teat and one streak canal per teat and only 2 teats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mare mammary anatomy?

A

2 teats with 2 mammary glands per teat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sow mammary anatomy?

A

10-14 teats with 2 glands/teat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dog and cat mammary anatomy?

A

5-6 ducts per teat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Primate and elephant mammary anatomy?

A

8-10 ducts per nipple per teat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Human mammary anatomy?

A

10-20 openings/nipple and 20-40 mammary glands

Ducts terminate in nipple; no gland cistern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Areola?

A

In humans, circular pigmented area located in center of breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Canalization of mammary gland arises from what?

A

Ectoderm (outer part of ICM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where cells begin to thicken to form the mammary bud?

A

Mammary line (mammary ridge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mammary development occurs at __ days.

A

32 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The ___ lengthens and branches out to form channels-canals duct system.

A

Secondary bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The postnatal changes in this stage have no secretory activity but do have teats an openings.

A

At birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The postnatal changes in this stage have isometric growth and allometric growth with no secretory activity

A

Birth to puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Isometric growth?

A

Same rate as other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Allometric growth?

A

Disproportionately faster growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

At this stage in postnatal changes the mammary glands grow in size, there is more fat ad connective tissue, branching and rebranching of ducts, and no secretory activity.

A

Puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

At this stage in postnatal changes there is rapid growth, branching and rebranching of ducts with alveoli forming on the end of branches, and no secretory activity.

A

Early pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

At this stage in postnatal changes, there is secretory activity due to hormonal changes and reduced progesterone and increased estrogen

A

End of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

At this stage in postnatal changes, there is exponential cell growth, 65% more DNA, and more prolactin, GH, and cortisol

A

Early lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

At this stage in postnatal changes cell numbers decrease.

A

Declining lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

At this stage in postnatal changes there is mammary gland involution via pressure atrophy

A

Dry period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the composition of milk adapted to?

A

The nutritional requirements of the neonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the majority of milk composed of?

A

Water 88%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the four factors that influence milk composition?

A

1) species of mammal
2) breed of mammal
3) stage of lactation
4) disease state of mammary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does colostrum contain?

A

Total solids, minerals (Ca, P), decreased lactose, immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why is the passive transfer of immunity to young an essential process?

A

Provides protection during early life when it’s own immune system is being established…following ingestion immunoglobulins in colostrum move from gut lumen across intestinal barrier into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

___ absorption in the gut decreases with time especially after gut is stimulated.

A

Antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Milk given without colostrum will stimulate gut closure for absorption of __.

A

Immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

___ are as high in the calf as the dam within a few hours.

A

Immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When is a calf’s immune system functional?

A

1-2 months postpartum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Function of RER?

A

Synthesis of Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Function of SER?

A

Synthesis of Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Function of Golgi?

A

Packaging of proteins

Lactose production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What components diffuse from blood and move through (transcellular) or between (paracellular) epithelial cells into alveolar lumen without alteration by cells?

A

Serum albumin, immunoglobulins, vitamins, minerals, and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which components are synthesized by mammary secretory cells from blood precursors?

A

Fat, most proteins, lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

___ draws in water for alveolar milk synthesis-secretion.

A

Lactose

47
Q

Milk and blood are ___.

A

Isoismotic

48
Q

AA form ___.

A

Caseins

49
Q

Glucose forms ___.

A

Lactose

50
Q

Acetate and butyrate and FA make ___.

A

Triglycerides, short chain FA, long chain FA

51
Q

Which milk protein comprises 80% of milk?

A

Casein

52
Q

Which protein gives milk it’s white/opaque appearance?

A

Casein

53
Q

What is the function of casein?

A

Source of AA, Ca, P

54
Q

Which protein is characterized by low solubility at pH 4.5?

A

Casein

55
Q

What is the major CHO in milk?

A

Lactose

56
Q

Which protein is a disaccharide composed of a galactose molecule joined with a glucose molecule?

A

Lactose

57
Q

Which protein is synthesized in the Golgi?

A

Lactose

58
Q

Lactose is synthesized by what enzyme? Composed of why two proteins?

A

Lactose synthetase
Galactosyl transferase
a-lactalbumin

59
Q

What are the major milk minerals?

A

Ca, P, K, Cl, Mg, Na

60
Q

What are the minor milk proteins?

A

Cu, I, Mn, Zn, Fe

61
Q

Which milk minerals are needed for bone formation and teeth?

A

Ca, P

62
Q

Which mineral is complexes with casein?

A

Ca

63
Q

Three minerals bound to proteins?

A

Ca, Fe, Zn

64
Q

Three minerals associated with lactose and movement of water into and out of the mammary gland?

A

Na, Cl, K

65
Q

T/F: the mammary gland synthesizes vitamins but not minerals.

A

F: synthesizes minerals not vitamins

66
Q

Where are vitamins in milk absorbed?

A

From Blood

67
Q

Which vitamins does milk contain?

A

All B-vitamins, fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E)

68
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins increased in milk?

A

By increasing vitamin content I blood supply to mammary gland

69
Q

Vit D function?

A

Bone growth, Ca absorption in intestine, milk fortified

70
Q

Vit E function?

A

Antioxidant, protects lipids, low in milk

71
Q

What are a few other substances in milk other than vitamins, minerals, and proteins?

A

Cellular metabolites, cells (leukocytes, epithelial cells), viruses, bacteria

72
Q

Which disease can be passed from mother to offspring via milk?

A

AIDS

73
Q

Reproductive function of mammary glands?

A

Nourishment of the neonate = survival of the species

74
Q

The duct and alveolar framework is constructed during this stage of mammary development.

A

Puberty

75
Q

Exponential lobulo-alveolar growth occurs during this stage of mammary development.

A

Pregnancy

76
Q

In puberty, estrogen stimulates ___ growth.

A

Duct

77
Q

In pregnancy, estrogen stimulates ___ growth.

A

Duct

78
Q

In puberty, progesterone stimulates __ growth.

A

Alveolar

79
Q

In pregnancy, progesterone stimulates ___ growth.

A

Lobulo-alveolar growth

80
Q

In puberty, what two hormones play a secondary role?

A

Prolactin

GH

81
Q

In pregnancy, what three hormones play a secondary role?

A

Insulin, thyroid hormone, ACTH-corticosteroids

82
Q

In pregnancy, what three hormones have synergistic effects with steroids?

A

Placental lactogen, prolactin, GH

83
Q

Lactogenesis?

A

Initiation of milk secretion

84
Q

What are the two stages of lactogenesis?

A

1) cytological and enzymatic differentiation of mammary epithelial cells
2) copious secretion of all milk components

85
Q

Lipid and protein granules formed in epithelial cells accumulate in the ___.

A

Alveolar lumen

86
Q

When does lactogenesis occur on cows? Humans and rats?

A

Cows: ten days before parturition

Humans and rats: at parturition

87
Q

At parturition, progesterone levels need to be ___, glucocorticoids need to be ___, and prolactin needs to be ___.

A

Decreased
Increased
Increased

88
Q

Which hormone is the key negative regulator of lactogenesis?

A

Progesterone

89
Q

___ progesterone inhibits lactose production which is key for milk secretion.

A

High

90
Q

Of the two proteins that make up the enzyme that synthesizes lactose, which one does progesterone inhibit?

A

a-lactalbumin

91
Q

What will injections of progesterone at parturition prevent and inhibit?

A

Prevents a-lactalbumin synthesis inhibiting lactose synthesis

92
Q

Hypophysectomy?

A

Removal of pituitary gland

93
Q

If you remove a goat’s pituitary gland and inject it with prolactin, what will occur?

A

Milk yield will be restored and prolactin will increase prior to parturition

94
Q

Which hormone will increase the rate of casein and a-lactalbumin synthesis in rabbit and bovine mammary explants?

A

Prolactin

95
Q

Which hormones induce differentiation of RER and Golgi?

A

Glucocorticoids

96
Q

Function of adrenalectomy?

A

Blocks casein and casein mRNA synthesis

97
Q

Because these two hormones bind to the same receptor they are competing with each other.

A

Progesterone and glucocorticoids

98
Q

When nearing parturition, progesterone levels __ and glucocorticoid levels ___.

A

Decrease

Increase

99
Q

Lactation?

A

Combination of milk secretion and milk removal

100
Q

Milk secretion?

A

Synthesis of milk by epithelial cells and passage from cytoplasm into alveolar lumen

101
Q

Milk removal?

A

Ejection of milk from the alveolar lumen and removal of milk from ducts ad cisterns

102
Q

Involution?

A

Regression of mammary gland

103
Q

Failure to remove milk results in involution via a(n) ___ in intramammary pressure causing a(n) ___ in synthesis.

A

Increase

Decrease

104
Q

In which week does milk yield reach a maximum before gradually decreasing?

A

6-8 weeks

105
Q

T/F: After the 5th month of gestation, non-pregnant cows decline more rapidly in milk yield than pregnant cows.

A

F: opposite

106
Q

Adrenals maintain ___.

A

Metabolism

107
Q

Adrenalectomy decreases milk production in goats and rats. What can you inject them with to restore milk production?

A

Glucocorticoids

108
Q

If you inject a non-pregnant animal with this hormone, you can stimulate 60-70% of anticipated milk yield.

A

Progesterone

109
Q

Milk in the udder must be forced from alveoli and small milk ducts by activation of ___.

A

Neuroendocrine reflex (milk letdown, milk ejection)

110
Q

Neuroendocrine reflex?

A

Stimulus associated with nursing activates the nervous system in the teats. Nerve impulses travel to spinal cord to paraventricular nuclei in hypothalamus causing the terminal portion of nerve cells located in the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin. Oxytocin released from PP travels to heart, transported to all parts of the body by arterial blood. Oxytocin the enters the mammary gland by the arterial blood and binds with OTR on myoepithelial cells causing alveolar contractions resulting in milk ejection.

111
Q

When do myometrial contractions occur?

A

20-60 seconds after stimulation

112
Q

Why is it important to remove milk rapidly during the period when oxytocin is causing contractions of myoepithelial cells?

A

Because oxytocin has a half-life of 1-2 minutes effective for 6-8 minutes

113
Q

Why must cows be happy when milked?

A

Any external unpleasant event at milking causes the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla into the blood. With vasoconstriction, the blood supply to the udder is decreased ad prevent oxytocin from activating myoepithelial cells.

114
Q

Gradual involution?

A

Begins after peak lactation

Subtle changes in milk yield and composition

115
Q

Initiated involution?

A

Occurs after cessation of milking
Pronounced changes in milk yield and composition
Essentially opposite of changes that occur during lactogenesis

ANSC Reproduction (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions