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Bio 472 > Special Senses: Vision > Flashcards

Special Senses: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Optic Nerve (2)

A

sensory for vision

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2
Q

Oculomotor (3)

A

Iris, ciliary body control, all eye muscles except the superior oblique and lateral rectus

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3
Q

Trochlear (4)

A

motor for superior oblique muscle

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4
Q

Abducens (6)

A

motor for lateral rectus muscle

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5
Q

Trigeminal (5)

A

general sensation of eye

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6
Q

Humans are sensitive to visible light. Visible light wavelength is…

A

380nm - 760nm

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7
Q

Conjunctiva

A

thin mucous membrane that covers the inside of the eyelid and the sclera, made of unkeratinized stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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8
Q

Goblet cells

A

modified epithelial cells that secrete mucous on mucous membranes

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9
Q

Eyelids

A

thin fold of skin that covers and protects the eye

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10
Q

Eye muscles

A

levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus(6), inferior oblique muscle, superior oblique muscle(4)

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11
Q

Cornea

A

transparent front part of the eye that covers the pupil, iris, and anterior chamber, refracts light

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12
Q

Sclera

A

opaque, fibrous, protective outer layer of the human eye, made from collagen and elastic fiber

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13
Q

Iris

A

thin, annular structure responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil, controls the amount of light reaching the retina

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14
Q

Pupil

A

hole located in the center of the iris that allows light to strike the retina, appears black because light rays entering the pupil are absorbed

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15
Q

Choroid

A

thin, pigmented, vascular layer, between the sclera and retina, brings oxygen and nutrients to the outer retina

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16
Q

Ciliary Body

A

part of the eye that included the ciliary muscle and the ciliary epithelium

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17
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

controls the shape of the lens

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18
Q

Ciliary epithelium

A

produces aqueous humor

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19
Q

Lens

A

transparent biconvex structure that refracts light, focusing it on the retina

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20
Q

Accommodation Triad (Near)

A
  1. Ciliary Body Contracts (relaxed suspensory ligaments, lens balls up)
  2. Eyes converge
  3. Pupil constricts
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21
Q

Accommodation Triad (Far)

A

ciliary body relaxes, contracted suspensory ligaments, flat lens

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22
Q

Retina

A

innermost layer of light sensitive tissue, images are processed here then nerve impulses are sent to the brain

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23
Q

Optic Nerve

A

cranial nerve 2, sensory for vision, sight sensation

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24
Q

Anterior chamber of the eye

A

aqueous humor filler space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea

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25
Interior chamber of the eye
located between the iris and lens, important for aqueous humor circulation
26
Aqueous humor
transparent fluid similar to plasma, fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye, maintains pressure, provides nutrients, and prevents dryness
27
Canal of Schlemm
Drains aqueous humor from the eye to the veins
28
Vitreous humor
clear gel that fills the space between the lens and retina, keeps eye round and clear, allows light to pass through, can protect the retina from shock
29
Blood supply to the Retina
Choroid and Retinal Blood Vessels
30
Ganglion layer
made of retinal ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells final output neurons of the retina that receives information from the photoreceptors axons of retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve fibers
31
Amacrine cells
inhibitory neurons detect directional motion
32
Bipolar Cells
neurons located in the retina, transmits signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells
33
Rods
photoreceptor cells in the retina, vision good with black and white and contrast
34
Cones
photoreceptor cells in the retina, vision good with color
35
Pigmented epithelium of Choroid
supplies blood and nutrients to retinal visual cells
36
Fovea or Macula Lutea
cone concentration, high acuity vision,
37
Optic disk
blind spot, beginning of optic nerve
38
Myopia (near sighted)
eye is too long, concave lens correction
39
Hyperopia (far sighted)
eye is too short, convex lens correction,
40
Presbyopia (aging)
cross-linked lens wont change shape, loss of close vision
41
Astigmatism
uneven thickness of cornea
42
Detached Retina
retina at the back of the eye pulls away from its normal position, will result in the retina losing blood and nutrient supply
43
Cataract
cloudy lens, gradual
44
Glaucoma
excess intraocular pressure
45
Medial retinas
peripheral vision
46
Lateral retinas
central vision
47
Optic Nerve
conducts axons from each eye
48
Optic Chiasm
axons from the medial retina cross over
49
Optic Tract
axons from medial and lateral lessions affect both right or left visual field
50
Lateral Geniculate Body
located at the end of the optic tract, receives visual information, processes and relays visual information to the primary visual cortex
51
Optic Radiations to Occipital Lobe (OROL)
aka. geniculocalcarine tract, connects lateral geniculate body to occipital lobe
52
OROL lateral
top portion of right or left visual field
53
OROL medial
bottom portion of right or left visual field
54
Macular Sparing
lesions at the end of path do not affect macula, which has already diverged
55
Ocular Dominance Columns
alternating right and left eye information projects to cortex
56
Photopigments
aka. Rhodopsins, unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light, synthesized from Vitamin A
57
Rhodopsin
chromatophore, retinal (from Vit A), opsin (protein)
58
Opsin
protein which forms part of Rhodopsin, released by the action of light
59
In the Dark the cells...
Rods have open Na+ channels (cGMP) cell is hypopolarized -40mv (dark current) tonic release of glutamate (inhibitory) on bipolar cells
60
In the Light the cells...
1. Light contracts photocell discs (Rod) 2. Rhodopsin conformational change (11cis->11trans+opsin) 3. Free opsin activates transducin 4. transducin activates phosphodiesterase 5. phosphodiesterase deactivartes cGMP to 5'GMP 6. Closes Na+ channels 7. Na+/K+ ATPase pump dominates 8. Cell Hyperpolarizes -70mv 9. decrease in the release of glutamate nuerotransmitter on bipolar cells 10. release of inhibition of bipolar cells 11. Bipolar cells depolarize 12. Action potentials are produced 13. Ganglion cells send signals to the optic nerve
61
In the Light the cells... (2)
Activates Bipolar cell Action Potential Activates Ganglion cell Action Potential
62
Light Adaptation
Light bleaches available photopigment (retinal + opsin), sensitivity to light is reduced
63
Dark Adaptation
Dark pushes reaction to generate more sensitive rhodopsins, (dark adapted)
64
Color Vision
cones, each cone cell is sensitive to specific wavelengths (Trichromatic Vision)
65
Blue cone
440nm (blue hv)
66
Green cone
535nm (green hv)
67
Red cone
565nm (yellow hv), humans weakly responsive to red spectrum
68
Retina Reaction to light
1. Photoreceptor Cell 2. Bipolar cell with horizontal interaction 3. Ganglion cell
69
Center/Surround Concept
horizontal cells are inhibitory to surrounding photoreceptor cells that determine image representation on ganglion cells, On Center / Off surround Off Center / On surround
70
Ganglion cells
W cells X cells Y cells
71
W cells
smallest ganglion cells, rod information, esp movement
72
X cells
most common ganglion cells, cone(color) information
73
Y cells
largest ganglion cells, least common ganglion cells, rapid movement, changes in intensity
74
Eye/Head movements coordinated through the Superior Colliculus
Saccade Movement Pursuit Movement
75
Saccade Movement
successive fixation points, reading, watching telephone poles while in a car
76
Pursuit Movement
eyes remained fixed on moving object and will track it, not voluntary, eyes must track a moving object, eyes will Saccade if it is voluntary
77
Pathway for light entering the retina
1. Ganglion cells 2. Bipolar cells 3. Photoreceptor cells 4. Choroid layer

Bio 472 (23 decks)

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