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Bio 472 > Special Senses: Hearing > Flashcards

Special Senses: Hearing Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion

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2
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Mechanosensory neurons that are important for balance

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3
Q

Sounds frequency range in Humans

A

50-18,000 cycles/sec

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4
Q

Sounds frequency range in Dogs

A

20,000 cycles/sec

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5
Q

Sounds frequency range in Bats

A

100,000 cycles/sec

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6
Q

Outer Ear Parts

A

Auricle/Pinna
Auditory Canal
Tympanic Membrane

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7
Q

Auricle/Pinna

A

Directs sound waves into the ear, can help in localization of sounds

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8
Q

Auditory Canal

A

aka. external acoustic meatus, pathway from the outer ear to the inner ear, made from cartilage and bone

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9
Q

Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)

A

splits outer and middle ear, sound wave transducer, long term is converting and amplifying vibration in the air to vibration in cochlear fluid

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10
Q

Middle Ear Parts

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Tensor Tympani Muscle
Stapedius Muscle
Eustachian Tubes
Oval Window (Stapes)
Round Window

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11
Q

Malleus

A

ossicle, transmits and amplifies sounds from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear, hammer bone

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12
Q

Incus

A

ossicle, transmits and amplifies sounds from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear, anvil bone

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13
Q

Stapes

A

ossicle, transmits and amplifies sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window, stirrup bone

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14
Q

Tensor Tympani Muscle

A

pulls malleus away from the tympanic membrane, dampening expected loud sounds(chewing, shouting, thunder), will not work for sounds like gunshots or explosions

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15
Q

Stapedius Muscle

A

Pulls stapes away from the oval window, similar function to Tensor Tympani Muscle

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16
Q

Eustachian Tubes

A

links middle ear to nasopharynx, pressure equalization(swallowing and positive pressure open the tube) and mucus drainage,

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17
Q

Oval Window

A

membrane covered opening from the middle ear to the cochlea, connected to the stapes, by this point vibrations have been lowered in amplitude and increased in force

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18
Q

Round window

A

allows for the movement of fluid within the cochlea, allows for the fluid to vibrate, sound wave dissipates

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19
Q

Inner Ear Parts

A

Osseous Labyrinth:
Cochlea
Semicircular Ducts
Vestibule
Membranous Labyrinth:
Cochlear Ducts

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20
Q

Osseous Labyrinth

A

bony canals filled with perilymph,
3 parts: Cochlea, Semicircular Canals, Vestibule
contains membrane tubes and chambers(membranous labyrinth)

21
Q

Cochlea

A

filled with watery fluid called endolymph, when the fluid moves the hair cells will detect movement and produce electrical signals which release neurotransmitters

22
Q

Scala Vestibuli (vestibular duct)

A

perilymph filled cavity inside the cochlea

23
Q

Reissner’s Membrane (vestibular membrane)

A

membrane inside the cochlea that separates the cochlear ducts from the vestibular ducts, helps transmit vibrations in the two ducts

24
Q

Scala Tympani (tympanic duct)

A

perilymph filled cavity inside the cochlea

25
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

stiff structural element of the cochlea, separates fluids of endolymph and perilymph from the Scala Tympani, vibrated according to tonal quantities of sound

26
Q

Function of Reissner’s and Scala Tympani membrane

A

deform with soundwaves

27
Q

sound waves the basilar membrane interacts with

A

narrow, thick basilar membrane, high tension + high frequency sound waves transduced here

28
Q

helicotrema

A

wide, thin basilar membrane, low tension + low frequency sound waves transduced here

29
Q

Semicircular canals

A

perilymph, contains semicircular ducts

30
Q

vestibule

A

perilymph, contains utricle and saccule

31
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

endolymph, from stria vascularis, high K+ content, made of the Cochlear Duct, Semicircular Ducts, and the Utricle/Saccule

32
Q

Cochlear Duct (inside Cochlea)

A

contains hundreds of Organs of Corti, Tectorial membrane, Hair Cells ~20,000

33
Q

Organ of Corti

A

located in Cochlear Duct, converts sounds into electrical signals, contains hair cells, send neurotransmitter signals to the brain

34
Q

Hair Cell Arrangements

A

2.1 inner: (3500) 90% of sound innervation, sound transduction
2. 3 outer: (16500) 10% of sound innervation, alters characteristics of the basilar membrane

35
Q

Sound Wave steps

A

deformation of membranes
hair cell is bent in one direction
hyperpolarization (other direction)
depolarization
apex of hair cell exposed to endolymph
base of hair cell exposed to perilymph
K+ moves from duct into hair cell
depolarization
Ca++ moves in
neurotransmitter release
stimulates Cochlear portion of Auditory nerve (8)

36
Q

Semicircular Ducts

A

3 separate planes, inside the semicircular canals, filled with endolymph and hair cells, sensory for rotational movement

37
Q

Cristae Ampullaris

A

sensory for angular acceleration and deceleration

38
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

angular acceleration, sense of rotational motion in the body

39
Q

direction of fluid movement in the head

A

the opposite direction of the head movement due to inertia,
one side becomes hyperpolarized, the other becomes depolarized

40
Q

Utricle/Saccule

A

contains Macula (hair cells) with Otoliths
gravity or acceleration cause depolarization
static equilibrium,

41
Q

Motion Sickness

A

utricle/saccule vs conflicting visual signals

42
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

problems with conducting sound vibrations (fused ear bones, ruptured ear drums, ear wax)

43
Q

Nerve Deafness

A

damage to hair cells or cochlear nerves

44
Q

Nystagmus Reflex

A

Rotate body
eyes slowly move in opposite direction of rotation,
can be horizontal or vertical,
eyes quickly jump back to centered position

45
Q

Caloric Stimulation

A

insertion of water into the ear canal
convection moves endolymph
Nystagmus Reflex generated

46
Q

Steps of Hearing

A
  1. Sound wave collected via auditory tube, vibrates tympanic membrane
  2. Amplified via ear ossicles
  3. Translated to cochlea via stapes on oval window
  4. Vibrates basilar membrane or helicotremma according to tonal qualities of sound
  5. Hair Cells and Organs of Corti are bent
  6. Depolarization due to an influx of K+ ions
  7. Sends neurotransmitter signals to brain
  8. Sound wave dissapates via round window
47
Q

christae ampullaris function

A

measures angular acceleration

48
Q

Vestibular apparatus contains the…

A

utricle + saccule, semicircular ducts

49
Q

Vestibular apparatus senses…

A
  1. static equillibrium
  2. acceleration
  3. angular acceleration

Bio 472 (23 decks)

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