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Bio 472 > Respiratory Mechanisms > Flashcards

Respiratory Mechanisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiratory System Functions

A
  1. Gas Exchange
  2. Waste Removal
  3. Acid Base Balance
  4. Infuences Temp and Water Balance
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2
Q

Four Forms of Respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary
  2. External
  3. Internal
  4. Cellular
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3
Q

Pulmonary Respiration

A

air movement into/out of lungs

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4
Q

External Respiration

A

gas exchange from alveoli to surrounding capillaries

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5
Q

Internal Respiration

A

gas exchange from peripheral capillaries to surrounding tissues

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6
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

using O2 to burn sugars, metabolites

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7
Q

Diaphragm

A

muscle that drives respiration

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8
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

takes signals from Medulla to control RR

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9
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

locaiton of the lungs in the thorax

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10
Q

Capillary beds

A

located in the lungs for gas exchange

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11
Q

Alveoli Chambers

A

provide air/capillary bed interface

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12
Q

Air Flow in the Body

A
  1. Naso/Oropharynx
  2. Epiglottix
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Primary Bronchi
  6. Lungs
  7. Secondary Bronchi
  8. Bronchioles
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13
Q

Secondary Bronchi

A

3 in the right lung, 2 in the left lung,

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14
Q

Conducting Zone

A

First 16 Branches, gas excange does not occur here, gas warming and hydration

cartilage holds this open

Trachea, Bronchi, Terminal Bronchioles

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15
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Last 7 Branches, gas exchange in alveolar ducts and sacs

smooth muscle holds this open

respiratory bronciholes, alveoli

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16
Q

Goblet Cells

A

produce mucus

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17
Q

Alveoli Cell Types

A
  1. Type 1 Pnuemocytes
  2. Type 2 Pneumocytes
  3. Dust Cells
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18
Q

Mucociliating Elevator

A

much of respiratory tracts contains upward ciliated cells, upward sweeping

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19
Q

Type 1 Pnuemocytes

A

gas exchange cells

type of alveoli

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20
Q

Type 2 Pnuemocytes

A

produce surfactant(reduces surface tension of moist membranes)

type of alveoli

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21
Q

Dust Cells

A

macrophages

type of alveoli

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22
Q

Muscles of the Respiratory System

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. External Intercostals, Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoids
  3. Internal Intercostals
  4. Abdominal Muscles
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23
Q

Skeletal Components of the Respiratory System

A
  1. Ribs (hinge action in vertebre)
  2. Sternum
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24
Q

Respiratory System

Membrane Components

A
  1. Pariatal Pleura
  2. Visceral Pleura

small amount between each for lubrication

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25
Q

Pariatal Pleura

A

lining inside the throasic cavity

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26
Q

Visceral Pluera

A

linign outside of lung

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27
Q

The Three Pressures that Control Respiration

A
  1. Intra Alveolar Pressure
  2. Intra Thorasic Pressure
  3. Elastic Recoil Pressure
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28
Q

Inflation Pressures

A
  1. Intra Alveolar Pressure
  2. Intra Thorasic Pressure
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29
Q

Deflation Pressure

A
  1. Elastic Recoil Pressure
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30
Q

Intra Alveolar Pressure

A

IAP, 760mmHg or air pressure

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31
Q

Intra Thorasic Pressure

A

ITP, slightly below atmospheric pressure

32
Q

Elastic Recoil Pressure

A

ERP, deflation pressure

33
Q

End of Passive Exhalation Pressures

A

IAP=ITP+ERP
760=-3+763

34
Q

Inspiration Pressures

A

IAP>ITP+ERP
760>-7+763

35
Q

Inspiration

A
  1. Diaphragm Contracts
  2. Chest Volume Expands
  3. ITP decreases
  4. ERP gradually increases as lungs fill

driven by Diaphram Contraction

36
Q

Expiration Pressures

A

IAP<ITP+ERP
760<-3+767

37
Q

Expiration Steps

A
  1. Full Lungs have high ERP
  2. Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles relax
  3. Intrathorasic Volume decreases

driven by ERP

38
Q

When are internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles actively contracted?

A

during exercise

39
Q

Compliance Curve

A

lungs do not fill and empty in a linear relationship with pressure

40
Q

Resistances that must be overcome to move air

A
  1. Viscous resistance
  2. Airway resistance
  3. Elastic Recoil Pressure
41
Q

Viscous Resistance

A

surface tension of moist membranes

42
Q

Airway Resistance

A

friction of air moving in a tube

43
Q

Work of breathing is increased with pathologies

A

true

44
Q

Lung Capacity

A

Males approximatly 25% larger than females

45
Q

Tidal Volume

A

500 mL, normal inspiration/exhalation at rest, TV

normal breathing is from 2200ml to 2700ml

46
Q

Minute Volume

A

TV x RR = 5-6 L/min

47
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

IRV, 3300mL

maximum inspiration, above tidal volume

48
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

sum of IRV +TV

49
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

ERV, 1000ml

maximum expiration, below tidal volume

50
Q

Residual Volume

A

RV, 1200ml

Whats left in the Respiratory system after ERV

51
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

FRC, sum of ERV + RV

52
Q

Vital Capacity

A

IRV + TV + ERV

53
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

TLC, 6000ml
sum of VC + RV

54
Q

Dead Space

A

air that is in respiratory passages that is not used in the gas exchange process

55
Q

Anatomical Dead Space

A

air trapped in non-gas exchange areas

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

56
Q

Physiological Dead Space

A

air that is trapped in nonfunctional or poorly functioning alveoli

57
Q

Neural Control of the Respiratory System

A

inspiratory center located in the medulla
Dorsal Respiratory Group(DRG): inspiration center
Ventral Respiratory Group(VRG): expiration center

apneustic center in pons recieves signals from cortex to override

58
Q

Ondine’s Curse

A

patient looses involuntary regulation and must breathe voluntarily

59
Q

Hering Breur Inflation Reflex

A

stretch receptors in lung tissue, activated by large lung inflation, sends signals to medulla to stop inflation

60
Q

Instpiratory Center (DRG) is depressed by

A

drugs

barbituates, morphine

61
Q

3 Compounds that Regulate Respiration

A
  1. pCO2
  2. H+
  3. pO2
62
Q

pCO2 in respiratory regulation

A

strongest regulatory force, increase in pCO2 increases RR, mechanism is through H+ production

63
Q

H+ in respiratory regulation

A

related to pCO2, increase will increase RR

64
Q

role of pO2 in respiratory regulation

A

decrease in pO2 increases RR, very weak regulatory force

65
Q

Acid Crisis and the Respiratory System

A
  1. Increase RR
  2. Decrease pCO2
  3. Decrease acid
66
Q

Base Crisis and the Respiratory System

A
  1. Decrease RR
  2. Increase pCO2
  3. Increase Acid
67
Q

Cause of black out in respiratory system

A

when exercising pO2 can frop before pCO2 levels get low enough to trigger respiration, forget to breath, low O2 causes black out

68
Q

Role of Epinephrine in Asthma

A

bronchodilates, also albuterol

69
Q

Role of Sympathetic stimulation in Asthma

A

scare the patient if drugs are not available, will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, releasing natural epinephrine and neurotransmitters

70
Q

Role of Histamine in Asthma

A

bronchocontrics

71
Q

Role of Leukotrienes

A

trigger broncoconstriction and mucus production

72
Q

Sneeze Reflex

A
  1. Initiated in nose
  2. inspire 2500ml of air
  3. close glottis and contract abdominal muscles and internal intercostals
  4. increase interthorasic pressure by 100mm
  5. open glottis
  6. air explodes out at 75-100 mph

cough reflex is similar

73
Q

Hiccup

A

rapid inspiration with closure of glottis, chirping sound

possible from diaphragm spasm

74
Q

External Pneumothorax

Sucking Chest Wounds

A

Intrathoracic Pressure = Air Pressure
IAP<ITP+ERP
760<0+763

ERP collapses lungs

75
Q

External Pneumothorax Treatment

A

remove air from cavity, plug hole, restor to negative ITP

76
Q

Internal Pneumothorax (spontaneous)

A

rupture of alveoli, air is released into pleural cavity

77
Q

Emphysema

COPD

A

loss of Elastic Recoil Pressure,
IAP>ITP+ERP
lungs fill with extra volume that becomes immovable

RV increases, IRV drops

Bio 472 (23 decks)

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