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Bio 472 > Diffusion, Ionic Concentration, Electrochemical Potential, and Excitable Tissue > Flashcards

Diffusion, Ionic Concentration, Electrochemical Potential, and Excitable Tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

movement of solute down its concentration gradient until concentrations are equal

A

simple diffusion

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2
Q

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++

A

important physiological ions

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3
Q

glucose, amino acids, lipids

A

important physiological nutrients

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4
Q

O2, CO2

A

important physiological gases

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5
Q

diffusion of water down its concentration gradient
water moves from more dilute to more concentrated solute solutions

A

osmosis

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6
Q

the force that would need to be applied on a compartment to prevent the migration of water into that apartment, due to unequal solute concentrations

A

osmotic pressure

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7
Q

a solution with high solute load would have a high osmotic pressure relative to a pure water solution

A

osmotic pressure ex.

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8
Q

1 mole of solute dissolved in 1 liter of water
(solute concentration)

A

molality

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9
Q

the total molality of a water solution

A

osmolality

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10
Q

1m glucose + 1 m fructose = 2 osmol/L

A

osmolality of non-ionic substances

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11
Q

1m NaCl yields 2 osmol/L

A

osmolality of ionic substances

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12
Q

describes the effect of net movement of water due to osmosis into or out of the cell
(what happens to cell volume when exposed to a solution)

A

tonicity

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13
Q

no net movement of water

A

isotonic solution

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14
Q

Blood plasma = 300 mOsm
0.3 m glucose = 300 mOsm (5g glusoce/100mL H2O)
0.15m NaCl = 300 mOsm (0.9g NaCl/100mL H2O)

A

standard solutions, (isotonic)

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15
Q

higher solute load than inside the cell, water will move from cell to solution, causing the cell the shrink (crenation)

A

hypertonic solution

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16
Q

lower solute load inside the cell, water will move into the cell from the solution causing the cell to expand and burst (Hemolysis)

A

hypotonic solution

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17
Q

(carrier mediated transport) involves a membrane carrier molecule
could become saturated (all carrier molecules are used)

A

facilitated diffusion

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18
Q

defines the distribution of ions in two aqueous compartments separated by membrane, where membrane is impermeable to at least one ionic species

A

Gibbs Donnan Equilibrium

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19
Q

determined by charge and concentration gradients

A

movement of ions

20
Q

Gibbs Donnan Equilibrium equation

A

[K+]i[Cl-]i = [K+]o[Cl-]o

21
Q

osmotic hydrostatic pressure calculation

A

P = 22.4 atm(delta[K+] + delta[Cl-] + delta[A-]

22
Q

brain ischemia, low O2 shuts down Na+/K+ ATPase pump, ion balance is disturbed, water flows into cells, neurons swell and are damaged

A

Gibbs Donnan Equilibrium ex.

23
Q

movement of an ion against its concentration gradient, requires ATP

A

Primary active transport

24
Q

kinetic energy of a molecule moving downs its concentration gradient is coupled to move another molecule against its concentrating gradient (hitching a ride)

A

Secondary active transport

25
Q

electrogenic (moves charge across a membrane)
located in the plasma membrane, ATP is the source, moves 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ in
establishes charge and concentration differences across the membrane

A

NA+/K+ ATPase pump

26
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase pump steps

A
  1. 3 Na+ bind to transporter, ATP binds
  2. phosphate is cleaved, bind the pump
  3. confirmational change results, Na+ is released
  4. K+ now binds to outside of transporter
  5. Phosphate is released
  6. confirmation change results, K+ is released in the cell
27
Q

a way to calculate equilibrium potential for individual ions

A

Nernst equation

28
Q

Nernst equation

A

E = (61.5/Z) log([ion]out/[ion]in)
Z is ion valence

29
Q

establishes equilibrium potential for cell, simultaneously using all ions

A

Goldmann Field equation

30
Q

Goldmann Field Equation

A

61.5log((PK[ion]out + PNa[Ion]out + PCl[Ion]in)/(PK[ion]in + PNa[ion]in + PCl[Ion]out))
P = permeability coefficient

31
Q

Permeability coefficients for a resting cell

A

PK = 1.0
PCl = 0.45
PNa = 0.04

32
Q

Permeability coefficients for an excited state cell

A

PK = 1.0
PCl = 0.45
PNa = 20.0

33
Q

ionic potential creates an electrical potential across the membrane

A

why nerve tissue is excitable

34
Q

quantitative measure of irritability

A

the strength duration curve

35
Q

the four important values derived from the strength duration curve

A
  1. Rheobase: minimum intensity in mV that still produces response
  2. Utilization time: the time necessary to produce Rheobase response
  3. Chronaxie: the duration in msec which a stimulus 2x Rheobase needs to produce a response
  4. Excitability: 1/Chronaxie
36
Q

determinants of the charge and excitability of a cell (4)

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer (permeable to water, impermeable to ions)
  2. Na+/K+ ATPase pump (ion inequality across the membrane)
  3. Nongated channels (channels that are always open to ions)
  4. Gated channels (channels that open or close depending on cell charge)
37
Q

resting potential is established by

A

Nongated channels and the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
negative potential difference compared to extracellular fluid
-70 mV

38
Q

passive channels, determine ion permeabilities, “leaky,” more permeable to K+ than Na+

A

Nongated channels

39
Q

found in membrane, uses ATP, 3 Na+ out, 2K+ in, uses 60% of the cells energy

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

40
Q

extracellular Na+ gate

A

M gate

41
Q

intracellular Na+ gate

A

H gate

42
Q

single extracellular gate

A

N gate

43
Q

The time after an action potential when a neuron cannot be activated by another stimulus, controlled by Na+ gates

A

absolute refractory period

44
Q

threshold for action potential is elevated because of hyperpolarization overshoot, requires strong stimulus

A

relative refractory period

45
Q

pufferfish, tetrodotoxin, block Na+ channels, nerves cannot produce action potential, results in cardiac and respiratory failure

A

Fugu

46
Q

inhibits the Na+/K+ ATPase pump

A

the role of Ouabain

Bio 472 (23 decks)

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