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NEURO 375 > Special Senses I > Flashcards

Special Senses I Flashcards

1
Q

List the cranial nerves.

A

CN I, Olfactory
CN II, Optic
CN III, Oculomotor
CN IV, Trochlear
CN V, Trigeminal
CN VI, Abducens
CN VII, Facial
CN VIII, Vestibulocochlear
CN IX, Glossopharyngeal
CN X, Vagus
CN XI, Spinal accessory
CN XII, Hypoglossal

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2
Q

What bone structure does the olfactory nerve go through in order to get to the brain?

A

cribiform plate

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3
Q

Where are the neurons of the olfactory tract found?

A

nasal cavity

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4
Q

Which structure in the nose catches odorants?

A

olfactory epithelium

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5
Q

Where in the brain does the olfactory tract first synapse?

A

primary olfactory cortex (bypasses thalamus)

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6
Q

From the olfactory cortex, where does the olfactory axons synapse?

A
  • amygdala (emotional response to smell)
  • hippocampus (memory of smell)
  • hypothalamus (sympathetic response to smell)
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7
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) innervate(s) taste?

A
  • CN VII, facial
  • CN IX, glossopharyngeal
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8
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) innervate(s) sensation on the tongue?

A
  • CN V, trigeminal
  • CN IX, glossopharyngeal
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9
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) innervate(s) movement of the tongue?

A

CN XII, hypoglossal

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10
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve control?

A

Movement of the tongue

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11
Q

What is the main muscle that the hypoglossal nerve innervates? What does this muscle do?

A

genioglossus mm, sticks out the tongue

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12
Q

Is the genioglossus muscle contralaterally or ipsilaterally innervated? How would a lesion to the hypoglossal nerve present in the muscle?

A
  • ipsilaterally innervated
  • tongue deviates to same side of lesion
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13
Q

Through which bone structure does the hypoglossal nerve protrude into the skull?

A

hypoglossal canal

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14
Q

Through which bone structure does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit from the cranial cavity?

A

jugular foramen

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15
Q

Which part of the tongue is CN IX responsible for, in terms of taste and touch?

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue

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16
Q

Which nerve is responsible for sensation of the anterior tongue?

A

CN V, Trigeminal nerve V3 (mandibular nerve)

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17
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates taste to the anterior 2/3 tongue? posterior 1/3 tongue?

A

anterior 2/3 tongue taste: CN VII, facial
posterior 1/3 tongue taste: CN IX, glossopharyngeal

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18
Q

Through which bone structure does the facial nerve exit the cranial cavity?

A

internal acoustic meatus

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19
Q

What is the name of the ganglion in CN VII?

A

geniculate ganglion

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20
Q

What is the name of the ganglion in CN IX?

A

inferior ganglion

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21
Q

Which nerve(s) is/are responsible for taste?

A

VII, IX

22
Q

Describe the Taste Pathway.

A

VII, IX –> Nucleus of the solitary tract –> 2nd order neuron project to VPM (thalamus) –> 3rd order neuron project to gustatory cortex

  • send collateral branches to amygdala and hippocampus
23
Q

What is the vestibulocochlear nerve responsible for?

A

balance/equilibrium and hearing

24
Q

Through which structure does CN VIII exit the cranial cavity?

A

internal acoustic meatus

25
Q

Which 2 nerves join together to form CN VIII? Where are their receptors found?

A
  • cochlea –> cochlear nerve
  • semicircular canals –> vestibular nerve

(join up through internal acoustic meatus to form CN VIII, vestibulocochlear)

26
Q

What kind of fluid is found in the cochlear duct?

A

endolymph

27
Q

What kind of fluid is found outside of the cochlear duct?

A

perilymph

28
Q

What is the order of sound transmission in the ear (start with ossicles)?

A

malleus –> incus –> stapes –> oval window –> scala vestibuli –> scala tympani –> cochlear duct –> organ of corti (+ tectorial membrane) –> round window

29
Q

Are higher sounds detected closer to the outside or inside of the ear?

A

higher sounds –> closer OUTSIDE

30
Q

Where in the brain is pitch perceived? comprehended?

A

perceived: primary auditory cortex (Heschel’s gyri)
comprehended: wernicke’s sensory speech area

31
Q

Which cranial nerves dampen sound?

A

VII, V

32
Q

How does the structure of the auditory pathways allow us to detect where sound is coming from?

A

BILATERAL auditory pathways –> inter-aural time difference

33
Q

What are the main parts of the vestibular system?

A
  • saccule
  • utricle
  • 3 semicircular canals
34
Q

What is the name for the receptor organ in the semicircular canals? vestibule?

A

semicircular: cupolae
vestibule: maculae

35
Q

What kind of information do the utricle and saccule provide?

A
  • head position
  • linear acceleration
36
Q

What kind of info do the semicircular canals provide?

A

acceleration of the head

37
Q

Which sensory organ is found in the ampulla?

A

cupola

38
Q

When you move your head to the right, which way does the cupola in the ampulla bend?

A

to the left (opposite)

39
Q

What 2 structures does the vestibule contain?

A

utricle and saccule

40
Q

Which sensory organ in the ear uses otoliths?

A

macula

(hint: vestibular)

41
Q

The saccule’s maculae detect:

a) vertical head movement
b) horizontal head movement

A

a) vertical head movement

42
Q

The utricle’s maculae detect:

a) vertical head movement
b) horizontal head movement

A

b) horizontal head movement

43
Q

Which nucleus in the thalamus does the auditory pathway synapse at?

A

medial geniculate nucleus

44
Q

Which complex in the spinal cord allows for sound localization?

A

superior olivary complex

45
Q

Are the vestibulospinal tracts descending or ascending pathways?

A

descending pathways

46
Q

What are the 2 vestibulospinal tracts?

A
  • lateral vestibulospinal tract
  • medial vestibulospinal tract
47
Q

Which vestibulospinal tract is ipsilateral? bilateral?

A

lateral = ipsilateral
medial = bilateral

48
Q

Which vestibulospinal tract is ipsilateral? bilateral?

A

lateral = ipsilateral
medial = bilateral

49
Q

Which vestibulospinal tract acts on LMN limbs? LMN axial muscles?

A

lateral = LMN limbs
medial = axial muscles

50
Q

Which vestibulospinal tract projects along the medial longitudinal fasciculus?

A

medial

NEURO 375 (19 decks)

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