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NEURO 375 > Cerebrum > Flashcards

Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

In which layer of the cerebrum are cell bodies found?

A

layer IV

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2
Q

example of what short association fibers connect

A

premotor cortex to primary motor cortex

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3
Q

what do long association fibers connect?

A

limbic lobe to frontal lobe

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4
Q

what do commissural fibers connect? Where are these fibers found?

A
  • connect right and left hemisphere
  • found in corpus callosum
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5
Q

what structure do the axons of projection fibers pass through?

A

coronal radiata

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6
Q

From the anterior limb of the internal capsule to the posterior limb, what is the order of innervation? Which parts are innervated by the corticospinal tract? corticobulbar tract?

A
  • ant to post: Face (+ head) > Arm > Thorax > Abdomen > Lower limb [hint: FATAL]
  • corticobulbar: face (anterior limb)
  • corticospinal: arm, thorax, abdomen, lower limb (posterior limb)
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7
Q

Which layer of the cerebrum is the origin of projection fibres to extracortical targets, such as BG, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord?

A

layer V

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8
Q

In the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe, layer V of the cerebrum contains ________ cell bodies?

A

Corticospinal tract (UMN)

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9
Q

function of frontal lobe

A
  • higher cognitive function
  • motor planning/executive
  • language
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10
Q

function of limbic system

A

emotional, social, sexual behaviour

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11
Q

function of parietal lobe

A
  • somatic sense of body image
  • 3D localization of self and targets in space
  • language
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12
Q

function of the occipital lobe

A

vision

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13
Q

function of temporal lobe

A
  • short-term memory
  • learning
  • auditory
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14
Q

Which lobe is affected in body dysmorphia

A

parietal lobe

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15
Q

Pierre Broca’s contributions

A
  • language in left hemisphere
  • lesion causes nonsensical speech
  • Broca’s area = speech production
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16
Q

Karl Wernicke’s contributions

A
  • understanding language in the posterior portion of the left temporal lobe
  • lesion allows fluent speech but speech was incoherent/made no sense (i.e. patient cannot understand question)
  • Wernicke’s area = language comprehension
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17
Q

Which speech area is affected in receptive aphasia? expressive aphasia?

A

receptive = wernicke’s
expressive = broca’s

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18
Q

Which white matter tract connects wernicke’s to broca’s? What kind of aphasia results from a lesion here?

A
  • arcuate fasciculus
  • conduction aphasia (impairment of speech repetition after hearing it, but good spontaneous speech)
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19
Q

What are the steps to vocally respond to a verbal question? Which parts of the brain are involved in each step?

A
  1. Listen (primary auditory cortex)
  2. Comprehend (Wernicke’s)
  3. send association fibers through Arcuate fasciculus to…
  4. Formulate speech (Broca’s)
  5. Activate UMN for speech muscles (primary motor cortex)
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20
Q

Lesions to association cortex lead to?

A

agnosias, aphasias, apraxias

21
Q

agnosias

A

inability to recognize common objects

22
Q

aphasias

A

inability to understand speech

23
Q

apraxias

A

inability to execute purposeful movements (motor planning disorder)

24
Q

what results from parietal association cortex lesion? provide an example

A
  • tactile agnosia - defect in ability to interpret tactile sensation (but may still feel an object)
  • e.g. shut eyes and hold object = cannot identify it
25
Q

astereognosia? which association cortex is lesioned?

A
  • “tactile amnesia” - loss of awareness of the spatial relations of parts of the contralateral side of the body
  • posterior parietal cortex
26
Q

cortical neglect? Which association cortex is lesioned?

A
  • extreme form of astereognosia; patient denies one side of the body and the corresponding visual field
  • posterior parietal cortex
27
Q

What does damage to the ventral stream visual association fibers cause?

A

impairment of identifying:
- colour
- letters
- faces
- visual memories

28
Q

What does damage to the dorsal stream visual association fibers cause?

A

impairment of:
- 3D visual understanding of object
- understanding motion of object

29
Q

What happens when there is bilateral destruction of the auditory association cortex?

A

fail to identify and respond to sounds, but can still hear

30
Q

amusia

A

right-side lesion to the auditory association cortex –> inability to recognize previously familiar voices and music

31
Q

What structures does the primary olfactory area include?

A
  • uncus
  • parts of insula
  • frontal gyri
32
Q

anosmia

A

loss of smell

33
Q

why does anosmia lead to lack of taste sensation?

A

olfactory and gustatory association cortices intermix

(hint: anosmia = loss of smell)

34
Q

What does lesion to the limbic association cortex lead to?

A
  • schizophrenia
  • depressive illness
35
Q

lesions to which hemisphere lead to aphasias? agnosias?

A

left lesion = aphasia
right lesion = agnosia

36
Q

lesions to which hemisphere are more detrimental?

A

left lesion = more detrimental

37
Q

How is neural information converted to physical energy in motor systems? Which parts of the brain are involved?

A
    1. IDENTIFICATION and LOCALIZATION of targets in space –> post parietal cortex
    1. formulation of PLAN of action –> premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
    1. EXECUTION of movement –> primary motor cortex
38
Q

What does an upper motor neuron lesion lead to?

A

disinhibition of the LMN (cannot activate or inhibit it) –> SPASTIC PARALYSIS (rigidity/contraction of all LMN muscles)

39
Q

what does a lower motor neuron lesion lead to?

A

no electrical input to muscles –> FLACCID PARALYSIS (relaxation of all muscles)

40
Q

Is conscious motor organized in a hierarchical or parallel fashion? Which tracts are involved? Are these tracts pyramidal or extrapyramidal?

A
  • hierarchical
  • tracts: corticospinal, corticobulbar
  • pyramidal tracts
41
Q

Is unconscious motor organized in a hierarchical or parallel fashion? Which tracts are involved? Are these tracts pyramidal or extrapyramidal?

A
  • parallel
  • tracts: corticoreticular, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, rubrospinal
  • extrapyramidal tracts
42
Q

what are the extrapyramidal tracts?

A
  • corticoreticulospinal
  • vestibulospinal
  • rubrospinal
  • tectospinal
43
Q

what is the corticoreticulospinal tract responsible for?

A

(+) to leg extensors and arm flexors

44
Q

what is the vestibulospinal tract responsible for?

A

(+) to arm/leg extensors
(-) to arm/leg flexors

45
Q

what is the rubrospinal tract responsible for?

A
  • (-) to arm extensors
  • (+) to arm flexors
  • no effect on leg muscles
46
Q

what is the tectospinal tract responsible for?

A

neck muscles

47
Q

What is lesioned in decorticate posturing? which tracts are active? Which tracts are inactive? Describe overall posture.

A
  • CST lesion (at top of brainstem)
  • extrapyramidal tracts are all functional
  • rubrospinal tract = flex upper body
  • corticoreticulospinal tract = flex upper body, extend lower body
  • vestibulospinal tract = (+) limb extensors (arm extensors overruled by reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts), (-) limb flexors (i.e. arms and legs extended)
  • posture: arms flexed with flexed fingers and wrists on chest, legs stiffly extended and internally rotated, plantar flexion of feet
48
Q

What is lesioned in decerebrate posturing? which tracts are active? Which tracts are inactive? Describe overall posture.

A
  • brainstem lesion
  • CST and rubrospinal are NOT active
  • corticoreticulospinal tract = flex upper body (overruled by VST) , extend lower body
  • vestibulospinal tract = (+) limb extensors, (-) limb flexors (i.e. arms and legs extended)
  • posture: arms extended with wrists and fingers flexed, legs stiffly extended, plantar flexion of feet
49
Q

What kind of lesion can cause decorticate posturing? decerebrate posturing?

A
  • decorticate: uncal/temporal herniation ABOVE tentorium cerebelli
  • decerebrate: uncal/temporal herniation BELOW tentorium cerebelli

NEURO 375 (19 decks)

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