Special Senses: Eye and Ear Flashcards by Amanda Curti

accommodation

a process in which the lens flattens to adjust to something seen at a distance, or thickens for close vision

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aqueous humor

the fluid produced by the capillaries of the ciliary body; nourishes the cornea, gives shape to the anterior eye, and maintains an optimum intraocular pressure

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cones

sensory receptors which are concentrated in the central area of the retina and are responsible for color vision

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conjunctiva

a protective, thin mucous membrane lining the eyelids

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cornea

the portion of the sclera that covers the anterior section of the eye and is transparent

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extraocular muscle

attach the eyeball to the orbit and, on impulse from the cranial nerves, move the eyes

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fovea

an area within the macula that contains only cones and provides the sharpest image

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iris

a smooth muscle that contacts and relaxes to moderate the amount of light that enters the eye; colored part of the eye except in albinism, in which they are reddish-pink

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lacrimal gland

tear gland, provides a constant source of cleansing and lubrication for the eye

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lacrimation

the process of producing tears

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lens

an avascular structure made of protein and covered by an elastic capsule held in place by thin strands of muscle that make up the ciliary body

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macula lutea

during daylight, the area of the retina on which the light rays focus

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meibomian gland

sebaceous glands for the eyelashes, secrete oil to lubricate the eyelashes

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optic disk

the area that allows a natural blind spot in our vision; where the optic nerve leaves the retina to travel to the brain; there are no light receptors there

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orbit

the protective, bony socket encasing each of our eyes

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palpebral fissure

the area where the upper and lower eyelids meet

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pupil

the dark area in the center of the iris where the light continues its progress through to the lens

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refraction

bending of light rays (happens through the cornea) so that they are projected properly onto receptor cells in the eye

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retina

the inner layer of the eye which contains the sensory receptors for images carried by the light rays

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rods

sensory receptors which appear throughout the retina and are responsible for vision in dim light

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sclera

means hard; the white of the eye; the outermost lateral and posterior portion of the eye

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uvea

the middle, highly vascular layer of the eye

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vitreous humor

jellylike substance between the lens and the retina which holds the choroid membrane against the retina to ensure an adequate blood supply

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auricle

aka pinna; the flesh-covered cartilage of the outer ear where sound waves are initially gathered

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cerumen

earwax; protects the ear with its antiseptic property and its stickiness, trapping foreign debris and moving it out of the ear

cochlea

part of the outer, bony labyrinth which is an organ of hearing

crista ampullaris

the semicircular canals detect dynamic equilibrium, or a sense of sudden rotation, through the function of a structure called the ___

eustachian tube

aka auditory tube; a mucous membrane-lined connection between the ears and the throat that equalizes pressure within the middle ear

external auditory canal

gathered sound is funneled into the ___

external auditory meatus

the opening of the outer ear

incus

anvil (ossicle)

labyrinth

aka inner ear; the organ of receptors for hearing and balance

macula

a specialized patch of epithelium found in both the utricle and the saccule that provides information about the position of the head and a sense of acceleration and deceleration

malleus

hammer (ossicle)

organ of Corti

The transmission of sound continues through the endolymph to the ___, where the hearing receptor cells (hairs) stimulate a branch of the eighth cranial nerve, the vestibulocochlear nerve, to transmit the information to the temporal lobe of the brain

ossicular chain

the eardrum conducts sound to three tiny bones in the middle ear called the ___

oval window

the ossicles transmit the sound to the ____ through the stapes

pinna

aka auricle; the flesh-covered cartilage of the outer ear where sound waves are initially gathered

saccule and utricle

within the vestibule, two saclike structures that function to determine the body's static equilibrium

stapes

stirrup (ossicle)

tympanic membrane

eardrum, marks the end of the external ear and the beginning of the middle ear

vestibule

part of the outer, bony labyrinth which functions to provide information about the body's sense of equilibrium

Impairment of color vision. Inability to distinguish between certain colors because of abnormalities of pigments produced by the retina. Color blindness is also called _____

Achromatopsia

Progressive destruction of the macula, resulting in a loss of central vision, which is the most common visual disorder after the age of 75 is ____

age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)

Dull or dim vision due to disuse is ____

amblyopia

Condition of no lens, either congenital or acquired is ____

aphakia

Swelling of the eyelid is ____

blepharedema

Drooping of the upper eyelid is ______

blepharoptosis

Progressive loss of transparency of the lens of the eye is _____

cataract

Inflammation of the conjunctiva, commonly known as pinkeye and is a highly contagious disorder is _____

conjunctivitis

surgical repair of the occluded pupil

coreoplasty

Inflammation of a lacrimal gland is _______

dascryoadentis

What is the damage of the retina due to diabetes which is the leading cause of blindness?

diabetic retinopathy

Double vision is _____

diplopia

What is a protrusion of the eyeball form its orbit, that may be congenital or the result of an endocrine disorder?

exophthalmia

Turning outward of one or both eyes is _____

exotropia

Pertaining to the outside of the eye is ____

extraocular

Incision of the orbital network of the eye to promote introcular circulation and decrease intraocular pressure

goniotomy

Loss of half the visual field, often as the result of a cerebrovascular accident is _____

hemianopsia

Inflammation of the cornea is ______

keratitis

surgical repair of the cornea

keratoplasty

a visual examination that allows a doctor to see inside the back of the eye

ophthalmoscopy

condition in which the lens of the eye loses elasticity therefore its ability to focus, making it difficult to see objects up close is _____

presbyopia

Lack of coordination between the eyes, typically due to a muscle weakness or paralysis, that is also referred to as a squint is ______

strabismus

To measurement the intraocular pressure (IOP), in order to diagnose glaucoma

tonometry

Removal of part or all of the vitreous humor

vitrectomy

What is dry eye, or lack of adequate tear production to lubricate the eye, that is usually due to a bit A deficiency?

xerophthalmia

Hearing loss or deafness

anacusis

measuring hearing acuity for variations in sound intensity and pitch and for tonal purity is

audiometry

Benign adenoma of the glands that produce earwax

ceruminoma

an inflammatory contagious condition of the eardrum caused by viral or bacterial infection

infectious myringitis

mastoiditis inflammation of the mastoid process of the temporal bone

mastoiditis

Condition of abnormally small auricles

microtia

procedure of lancing the tympanic membrane to allow ventilation of the middle ear space when the Eustachian tube is not functioning normally

myringostomy

What is an earache, pain in the ear, also referred to as otodynia?

otalgia

Inflammation of the middle of the ear is ____

otitis media (OM)

Surgical repair of the ear

otoplasty

Development of bone around the oval window with resulting ankylosis of the stapes to the oval window, resulting in progressive deafness

ostosclerosis

Visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope

otoscopy

Abnormal hearing

paracusis

age related hearing loss

presbycusis

Removal of the third ossicle, the stapes, from the middle ear

stapedectomy

Abnormal sound heard in one or both ears caused by trauma or disease; may be a ringing buzzing, or jingling

tinnitus

Measurement of the condition and mobility function of the eardrum

tympanometry

Surgical repair of the eardrum , with or without ossicular chain reconstruction

tympanoplasty

Dizziness, abnormal sensation of movement when there is none, either of ones self moving or of objects moving around oneself. Can come from middle ear infections or the toxic effects of alcohol, sunstroke, and meds

vertigo