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Adams Principles of Neurology > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

Most frequent cause of hyposmia and hypogeusia in clinical practice

A

Heavy smoking

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2
Q

In this psychiatric condition, the perception in the hallucination is of the stimulus being intrinsic.

A

Depression

Schizophrenia-extrinsic

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3
Q

condition most commonly associated with olfactory agnosia

A

Korsakoff psychosis

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4
Q

Characterised by persistent, severe intraoral pain in postmenopausal women

A

Burning mouth syndrome

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5
Q

Refers to any monocular deficit in vision that occurs in the presence of normal ocular structures

A

Amblyopia

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6
Q

Presumed as the most common cause of transient monocular blindness in younger patients.

A

Ischemia related to antiphospholipid antibody

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7
Q

AED notable for causing retinal degeneration and a concentric restriction of visual fields in almost half of the exposed patients

A

Vigabatrin

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8
Q

Antibodies associated with cancer-associated retinopathy

A

Antibodies against recoverin protein

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9
Q

most important cause of visual loss in the elderly

A

age-related macular degeneration

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10
Q

Earliest change are of microaneurysms

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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11
Q

Where is the lesion in palinopsia?

A

Right parietooccipital lesions

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12
Q

Functions in holding eccentric vertical gaze especially after a saccade

A

Interstitial nucleus of Cajal

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13
Q

T/F: Approximately 15% of normal adults do not show a Bell phenomenon.

A

True

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14
Q

A congenital disorder characterised by unusual eye and head movements that are obligately tied together during attempts to change the position of the eyes.

A

Cogan syndrome

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15
Q

EOM that receives only crossed fibers

A

Superior rectus

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16
Q

EOM that has bilateral innervation

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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17
Q

A misalignment that is manifest during binocular viewing of a target and cannot be overcome, even when the patient is forced to fixate with the deviant eye.

A

Tropia

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18
Q

T/F: Head tilting to the opposite shoulder (Bielchowsky sign) is especially characteristic of fourth nerve lesions

A

True

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19
Q

T/F: In diplopia, the image projected farther from the center is attributable to the eye with the paretic muscle.

A

True

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20
Q

Most common tumor involving the sixth nerve in adults

A

Tumor arising from the nasopharynx

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21
Q

Treatment of choice of orbital pseudotumor

A

corticosteroids

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22
Q

T/F: With skew deviation due to cerebellar disease, the eye on the side of the lesion usually rests lower.

A

True

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23
Q

The hallmark of a brainstem supranuclear gaze palsy

A

Retention of VOR

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24
Q

In skew deviation, there is full eye vertical movement.

A

True

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25
Q

In supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, saccades are more affected than smooth pursuit and VOR.

A

True

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26
Q

Most usual cause of acute onset INO in adults

A

microvascular ischemia

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27
Q

Rate of blinking

A

12-20 times a minute

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28
Q

Refers to the retraction of the upper lids with a staring expression

A

Collier sign

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29
Q

T/F: In dealing with anisocoria, 20% of normal persons show an inequality of 0.3 to 0.5 mm or more in pupillary diameter.

A

True

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30
Q

T/F: Light exaggerates the anisocoria caused by a third nerve lesion and darkness accentuates the anisocoria in the case of a Horner syndrome.

A

True

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31
Q

T/F: In thyroid eye disease, the tendons of the ocular muscles are usually spared.

A

True

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32
Q

T/F: In general, early sensorineural deafness is characterized by a partial loss of perception of high-pitched sounds and conductive deafness by a partial loss of low-pitched sounds.

A

True

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33
Q

Refers to a heightened perception of loudness once the threshold for hearing has been exceeded

A

Recruitment

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34
Q

Refers to a defect in frequency discrimination that is manifest by a lack of clarity of spoken syllables or by the perception that music is out of tune and unpleasant.

A

Diplacusis

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35
Q

Mutation found in half of recessive familial cases of pure deafness

A

mutation of the connexion-26 gene on chromosome 13

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36
Q

A peculiar symptom where a loud sound or yawning produces a brief sensation of vertigo or tilting of the environment

A

Tullio phenomenon

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37
Q

Episodic deafness without vertigo

A

cochlear Meniere Syndrome

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38
Q

Main pathologic change in Meniere disease

A

increase in the volume of endolymph

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39
Q

T/F: The symptoms of BPPV are induced not by a particular head position but only by rapid changes in head position.

A

True

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40
Q

T/F: After the dix-hallpike maneuver, changing from a recumbent to a sitting position reverses the direction of vertigo and nystagmus.

A

True

41
Q

In 90% of BPPV cases, this semicircular canal is implicated.

A

Posterior semicircular canal

42
Q

Characterised clinically by a paroxysmal and usually a prolonged single attack of vertigo and by a conspicuous absence of tinnitus and deafness

A

Vestibular neuritis

43
Q

T/F: The nystagmus of brainstem origin may be uni- or bidirectional, purely horizontal, vertical or rotary and is characteristically worsened by attempted visual fixation.

A

True

44
Q

Treatment of choice in familial vestibulocerebellar syndrome

A

Acetazolamide

45
Q

In Bell’s Palsy, recovery of taste precedes recovery of motor function, if taste returns in the first week, it is a good prognostic sign.

A

true

46
Q

In Bell’s palsy, if there is evidence of denervation after 10 days, one may expect a long delay in the onset of recovery measured in terms of months

A

true

47
Q

Acute onset of bilateral facial paralysis associated with parotid gland swelling from sarcoidosis

A

Heerfordt syndrome (uveoparotid fever)

48
Q

most common anomalous or aberrant regeneration of the seventh nerve fiber

A

Jaw-winking phenomenon/ wartenberg or inverse marcus gunn sign

49
Q

Pathophysiology of hemifacial spasms

A

1) activate adjacent nerve fibers by ephaptic transmission

2) spontaneous ectopic excitation arising on injured fibers

50
Q

Two ganglia of the vagus nerve

A

jugular and nodose

51
Q

The spinal accessory nerve is a purely motor nerve of spinal rather than cranial origin

A

true

52
Q

Muscle innervated by the hypoglossal nerve which acts to protrude the tongue?

A

Genioglossus

53
Q

Muscle innervated by the hypoglossal nerve which retracts and elevates the root?

A

Styloglossus

54
Q

The sequential painless affection of contiguous or noncontiguous nerves over several days or weeks is particularly characteristic of meningeal carcinomatosis or lymphomatosis.

A

True

55
Q

The most common underlying cause of multiple cranial nerve palsies.

A

Tumor

56
Q

tic convulsif (trigeminal neuralgia accompanied by hemifacial spasm) is indicative of what condition?

A

Cholesteatoma, aneurysm of the basilar artery, AVM

57
Q

T/F: The report of an odor without stimulus, olfactory hallucination is always of central origin.

A

True

58
Q

Transduction system which has been found to be operative in signaling taste sensations in the tongue receptors.

A

G-protein transduction system (gustducin)

59
Q

Duration of the life cycle of the receptor cells of the taste buds

A

about 10 days

60
Q

Most common cause of impairment of taste sensation

A

smoking

61
Q

Distance of the Jaeger chart from the subject’s eyes

A

16 inches

62
Q

Most common cause of episodic visual loss in early adult life

A

migraine

63
Q

Intraocular pressure that is persistent above this level may damage the optic nerve over time

A

20 mmHg

64
Q

T/F: There are no ganglion cells in the fovea

A

True

65
Q

Artery visible in ophthalmoscopy

A

Central Retinal Artery

66
Q

T/F: Occlusion of the ICA usually causes no disturbance of vision.

A

True

67
Q

In this condition, there is paucity of blood flow in retinal vessels, the retina has a creamy gray appearance and there is a cherry red spot at the fovea.

A

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

68
Q

Area of preservation of vision in a small monocular part of the visual field

A

Temporal crescent

69
Q

Brodmann areas involved in vision

A

17,18,19,39(angular gyrus of the dominant lobe)

70
Q

Failure to understand the meaning of an entire picture even though some of its parts are recognized.

A

Simultanagnosia

71
Q

characterized by Optic Ataxia, Ocular Apraxia and Simultanagnosia

A

Balint Syndrome

72
Q

Where do you localize palinopsia or persistence of repetitive afterimages?

A

Right parietooccipital area

73
Q

Rapid voluntary conjugate movements of the eyes to the opposite side are initiated in what area of the frontal lobe?

A

Area 8

74
Q

T/F: The oculomotor nucleus refers to the third nerve nucleus alone?

A

True

75
Q

T/F: The vertical eye movements with few exceptions are under bilateral control of the cerebral cortex and upper brainstem

A

True

76
Q

This is a small collection of cells that lies just caudal to the riMLF on each side

A

Interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC)

77
Q

T/F: When the eye is turned outward, the elevator is the superior rectus and the depressor is the inferior rectus.

A

True

78
Q

T/F: the normal slight exotropia of a neonate corrects by about three months of age.

A

True

79
Q

Most common cause of isolated symptomatic vertical diplopia?

A

Lesion of the 4th nerve

80
Q

Most common cause of affectation of several muscles of ocular motility

A

Myasthenia gravis, thyroid ophthalmopathy

81
Q

Most common cause of monocular diplopia

A

diseases of the cornea and lens

82
Q

Most common tumor involving the sixth nerve in adults

A

Tumors arising from the nasopharynx

83
Q

This condition occurs when the lateral rectus branches are aberrantly innervated by the third nerve.

A

Duane Retraction Syndrome

84
Q

A condition where the proposed lesion is between the PPRF and the sixth nerve nucleus

A

Posterior INO of Lutz

85
Q

T/F: The observation of suppression with visual fixation is facilitated by the use of Frenzel lenses.

A

True

86
Q

T/F: The presence of bidirectional vertical nystagmus usually indicates disease in the pontomedullary or mesencephalic tegmentum.

A

True

87
Q

T/F: Roving conjugate eye movements are characteristic of light coma.

A

True

88
Q

Most common cause of ocular dipping.

A

Anoxic Encephalopathy

89
Q

This is the specialized sensory epithelium of a semicircular canal

A

crista Ampulla

90
Q

It is the locus of the sensory epithelium in the utricle and saccule

A

Macula

91
Q

T/F: unilateral cortical lesion in the temporal lobe do not affect hearing

A

True

92
Q

Most frequent cause of bilateral deafness that have their onset in early adult life.

A

Otosclerosis

93
Q

T/F: The Unterberger manoeuvre requires the patient to march in place with eyes closed and arms outstretched. Asymmetry of labyrinthine function is manifested as excessive rotation greater than 15 degrees away from the diseased side.

A

True

94
Q

Where do we localize pure word deafness?

A

Left temporal lobe disease

95
Q

T/F: In the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, the dysfunctional ear is the one that downward when vertigo is elicited.

A

True

96
Q

T/F: with repetition of the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, vertigo and nystagmus become less apparent after 3-4 trials, they can no longer be elicited.

A

True

97
Q

Leads to “Liliputian” visual hallucinations in the absence of delirium

A

Bonnet’s syndrome

98
Q

The identifying feature of these language disturbances is a preservation of the ability to repeat.

A

Transcortical aphasia

Adams Principles of Neurology (19 decks)

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