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Special Senses Flashcards

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1
Q
  • conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment.
A

Sensation

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2
Q

conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex (parietal bone)

A

Perception

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3
Q

T or F
Adaptation - decrease in sensation during a prolonged stimulus
Some receptors are all rapidly adapting,
Your body adapts to different temperatures like when sinking into a hot tub

A

FLASE
Adaptation - decrease in sensation during a prolonged stimulus
Some receptors are rapidly adapting, others are slow
Your body adapts to different temperatures like when sinking into a hot tub

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4
Q

Sensory receptors - can be classified into:(3 ITEM)

A

free nerve endings,
encapsulated nerve endings, and
separate sense

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5
Q

General senses of touch (3 items)
Special senses (5 items)

A

General senses of touch
- Temperature
- Pain
- Pressure
Special senses
- (Smell)
- (Taste)
- Sight
- Hearing
- Equilibrium

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6
Q

Receptors for the special senses are housed in complex sensory organs such as eyes and ears

A

Special senses

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7
Q

—- - study of the eye and its disorders
——— study of the ears, noes, throat and their disorders

A

Ophthalmology - study of the eye and its disorders
Otorhinolaryngology - study of the ears, noes, throat and their disorders

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8
Q

what percent of sensory receptor is in the eye

A

70% of all sensory receptors are in the eyes

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9
Q

T or F
Protection of the eye
Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit
A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye

A

True

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10
Q

T or F
Each eye has over a million nerve fibers

A

True

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11
Q

Membrane that lines the eyelids
non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Connects to the surface of the eye
Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye

A

Conjunctiva

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12
Q

Eyelids & Eyelashes function

A

Anteriorly, the eyes are protected by the mobile eyelids or palpebrae
The eyelashes protect the eye from foreign objects, perspirations, and sunlight

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13
Q

The —– plate, a connective tissue, gives form and support to the eyelids
The——glands secrete oil to lubricate the eyelid and eye, it also prevents the eyelids from sticking together

A

The tarsal plate, a connective tissue, gives form and support to the eyelids
The tarsal glands secrete oil to lubricate the eyelid and eye, it also prevents the eyelids from sticking together

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14
Q

The ciliary glands, modified apocrine sweat glands, are found in between eyelash hair follicles
They are also called as glands of moll

A

Ciliary Gland

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14
Q

The ciliary glands, modified apocrine sweat glands, are found in between eyelash hair follicles
They are also called as glands of moll

A

Ciliary Gland

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15
Q

Modified sebaceous glands that produce an oily secretion to lubricate the eye

A

Meibomian Glands

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16
Q

—- gland: produces lacrimal fluid, moistens and lubricates the eye
——canals: drains lacrimal fluid from eyes

A

Lacrimal gland: produces lacrimal fluid, moistens and lubricates the eye
Lacrimal canals: drains lacrimal fluid from eyes

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17
Q

Tears: composed of?

A

Tears: composed of diluted salt solution, antibodies, mucous, lysozyme (destroys bacteria)

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18
Q

provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards the nasal cavity and is emptied via the nasolacrimal duct

A

Lacrimal sac

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19
Q

Explain the flow of tears

A

Lacrimal gland → lacrimal ducts → ocular surface → lacrimal puncta → lacrimal canaliculi → lacrimal sac → nasolacrimal duct → inferior nasal meatus → nasopharynx

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20
Q

Muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye
Produces eye movements

A

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

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21
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles Consists of four rectus muscles namely: and Also consists of two oblique muscles namely:

A

Consists of four rectus muscles namely:
- Superior rectus muscle
- Inferior rectus muscle
- Lateral rectus muscle
- Medial rectus muscle
Also consists of two oblique muscles namely:
- Superior oblique muscle
- Inferior oblique muscle

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22
Q

The wall is composed of three tunics:

A

Fibrous tunic: outer layer
Choroid (Vascular layer): middle layer
Sensory tunic: inner layer

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23
Q

White dense connective tissue layer made up mostly of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye
Gives shape to the eyeball, makes it more rigid

A

Sclera

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24
Central, transparent coat that covers the colored iris Allows for light to pass through and repairs itself easily The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection
Cornea
25
(Vascular Layer) Lines most of the internal surface of the sclera Blood-rich nutritive tunic Pigment prevents light from scattering; contains melanocytes
Choroid Layer
26
smooth muscle; consists of ciliary processes and ciliary muscle Ciliary processes: protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body; contains blood capillaries that secrete aqueous humor (fills the cavity of the anterior segment of eyeball)
Ciliary body
27
pigmented layer that gives eye color; regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil (round opening in the iris)
Iris
28
Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors): Rods and Cones
Retina
29
----: most are found towards the edges of the retina Allows dim light vision and peripheral vision Perception is all in gray tones ------: allow for detailed color vision Densest in the center of the retina
Rods: most are found towards the edges of the retina Allows dim light vision and peripheral vision Perception is all in gray tones Cones: allow for detailed color vision Densest in the center of the retina
30
------: area of the retina with only cones; area of highest visual acuity ------: no photoreceptors, also known as the blind spot ------: exact center of the posterior portion of the retina
Fovea centralis: area of the retina with only cones; area of highest visual acuity Optic disc: no photoreceptors, also known as the blind spot Macula lutea: exact center of the posterior portion of the retina
31
Biconvex crystal-like structure Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body They help focus images on the retina to facilitate clear vision
Lens
32
Internal muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Eye Reflexes
33
------reflex: bright light causes pupils to constrict through action of radial, circular, and ciliary muscles -------pupillary reflex: viewing close objects causes accommodation
Photopupillary reflex: bright light causes pupils to constrict through action of radial, circular, and ciliary muscles Accommodation pupillary reflex: viewing close objects causes accommodation
33
------reflex: bright light causes pupils to constrict through action of radial, circular, and ciliary muscles -------pupillary reflex: viewing close objects causes accommodation
Photopupillary reflex: bright light causes pupils to constrict through action of radial, circular, and ciliary muscles Accommodation pupillary reflex: viewing close objects causes accommodation
34
----- inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night -----genetic condition that results in the inability to see certain colors; due to lack of one type of cone (partial color blindness)
Night blindness inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night Color blindness genetic condition that results in the inability to see certain colors; due to lack of one type of cone (partial color blindness)
35
---- can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye -----loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes resulting from damage to the visual cortex on one side only
Glaucoma can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye Hemianopia loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes resulting from damage to the visual cortex on one side only
36
T or F Houses two senses: Hearing Equilibrium
True
37
collects sound waves and channels them inward
External ear
38
conveys sound vibrations to the oval window
middle Ear
39
houses the receptors for hearing and equillibrium
Inner ear
40
What part of the ear is Pinna (auricle): and External auditory canal (or meatus): located?
External
41
-----: flap of elastic cartilage shaped like the flared end of a trumpet ---: Narrow chamber in the temporal bone Line with skin Ceruminous glands are present Ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Pinna (auricle): flap of elastic cartilage shaped like the flared end of a trumpet External auditory canal (or meatus): Narrow chamber in the temporal bone Line with skin Ceruminous glands are present Ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
42
The bones of the tympanic cavity are responsible for producing vibrations that came from the soundwaves; the bones transfer the sound to the inner ear; three bones span the cavity:
Ossicles: - Malleus (hammer) - Incus (anvil) - Stapes (stirrup)
43
(Bony Labyrinth) Includes sense organs for hearing and balance Filled with perilymph (fluid) A maze of bony chambers within the temporal bone: Cochlea (hearing) Vestibule Semicircular canals
Inner Ear
44
Located within the cochlea Receptors = hair cells on the basilar membrane Gel-like tectorial membrane is capable of bending hair cells Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal lobe
Organ of Corti
45
Physiology of Hearing
The auricle directs sound waves into the external auditory canal. Sound waves striking the eardrum cause it to vibrate. The central area of the eardrum connects to the malleus, which also starts to vibrate. The vibration is transmitted from the malleus to the incus and then to the stapes. As the stapes move back and forth, it pushes the oval window in and out. The movement of the oval window sets up fluid pressure waves of the cochlea. The fluid pressure waves are transmitted from the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani and eventually to the membrane covering the round window. As the pressure waves deform the walls, this creates pressure waves inside the cochlear duct. The pressure waves bend the hairs of the spiral organ and stimulate the vestibulocochlear (VII) nerve.
46
T or F Taste and smell are most acute at birth and decrease in sensitivity after age 40 as the number of olfactory and gustatory receptors decreases
True
47
Age-related ear problems: (2 items) EXPLAIN
Presbycusis: type of sensorineural deafness that may result from otosclerosis Otosclerosis: ear ossicles fuse
48
T or F The newborn infant can't hear sounds, but initial responses are reflexive By the toddler stage, the child is listening critically and beginning to imitate sounds as language development begins
False The newborn infant can hear sounds, but initial responses are reflexive By the toddler stage, the child is listening critically and beginning to imitate sounds as language development begins
49
“old vision” results from decreasing lens elasticity that accompanies aging
Presbyopia
50
----- “crossed eyes”; results from unequal pulls by the external eye muscles in babies ------: conjunctivitis resulting from gonorrhea in the mother; baby’s eyelids are swollen, and pus is produced
Strabismus: “crossed eyes”; results from unequal pulls by the external eye muscles in babies Ophthalmia neonatorum: conjunctivitis resulting from gonorrhea in the mother; baby’s eyelids are swollen, and pus is produced
51
T or F Special sense organs are formed early in childhood development Maternal infections during the first 5 or 6 weeks of motherhood may cause visual abnormalities as well as sensorineural deafness in the developing child
FALSE Special sense organs are formed early in embryonic development Maternal infections during the first 5 or 6 weeks of pregnancy may cause visual abnormalities as well as sensorineural deafness in the developing child
52
T or F Congenital ear problems usually result from missing pinna and closed or missing external acoustic meatuses Vision requires the most learning The infant has poor visual acuity (is farsighted) and lacks color vision and depth perception at birth The eye continues to grow and mature until age 8 or 9
Ture
53
Anatomy of the maculae:
Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic membrane Otoliths (tiny stones) float in a gel around the hair cells Movements cause otoliths to bend the hair cells
54
Maculae
receptors in the vestibule Reports on the position of the head Sends information via the vestibular nerve
55
eceptors in the semicircular canals
Crista ampullaris
56
T or F The mouth contains 10-100 million receptors for the sense of smell The optical epithelium occupies the upper portion of the nasal cavity and consists of 3 types of cells
The nose contains 10-100 million receptors for the sense of smell The olfactory epithelium occupies the upper portion of the nasal cavity and consists of 3 types of cells
56
T or F The mouth contains 10-100 million receptors for the sense of smell The optical epithelium occupies the upper portion of the nasal cavity and consists of 3 types of cells
The nose contains 10-100 million receptors for the sense of smell The olfactory epithelium occupies the upper portion of the nasal cavity and consists of 3 types of cells
57
Olfactory Pathway
On each side of the nose, about 40 bundles of the slender, unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells extend through about 20 holes in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Axons of olfactory receptors form the olfactory (I) nerves, which convey nerve impulses to the olfactory bulbs. From there, impulses conduct via the olfactory tract to the limbic system, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex (temporal lobe).
58
Taste has types of receptors: EXPLAIN
Sweet: presence of aminoacids or saccharides Sour: presence of hydrogen ions or acids Bitter: presence of alkaloids Salty: presence of metal ions Umami: presence of glutamate or MSG
59
---- buds house the receptor organs Location of ---- buds are mostly on the tongue The tongue is covered with projections called papillae
Taste buds house the receptor organs Location of taste buds are mostly on the tongue The tongue is covered with projections called papillae
59
---- buds house the receptor organs Location of ---- buds are mostly on the tongue The tongue is covered with projections called papillae
Taste buds house the receptor organs Location of taste buds are mostly on the tongue The tongue is covered with projections called papillae
60
----papillae: sharp with no taste buds ----papillae: rounded with taste buds -----papillae: large papillae with taste buds
Filiform papillae: sharp with no taste buds Fungiform papillae: rounded with taste buds Circumvallate papillae: large papillae with taste buds
61
Impulses are carried to the gustatory complex by several cranial nerves because taste buds are found in different areas
CN VII, facial nerve CN IX, glossopharyngeal nerve CN X, vagus nerve
62
Gustatory Pathway
3 cranial nerves innervate the taste buds: facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) Impulses for taste conduct to the medulla oblongata, limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, and the primary gustatory area in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
63
Gustatory Pathway
3 cranial nerves innervate the taste buds: facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) Impulses for taste conduct to the medulla oblongata, limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, and the primary gustatory area in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

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