Cells and Tissues

Question 1

What is the function of cell/s?

Answer 1

To carry out all chemical activities needed to
sustain life

Question 2

most cells are composed 4 main elements:

Answer 2

carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen

Question 3

How many % of water is a cell consist of?

Answer 3

60% consisting of water

Question 4

T or F
cells are the building block of all living things

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

study of cell, also called cell biology

Answer 5

Cytology:

Question 6

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Answer 6

Tissues

Question 7

all cells share general structures, and cells are organized into three main regions

Answer 7

nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane

Question 8

It is a barrier for cell contents, forms the cell’s flexible outer surface separating the external and internal environment

Answer 8

Plasma Membrane

Question 9

A selective barrier that regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell, plays a key role in communication among cells
and between cells and their external environment

Answer 9

Plasma Membrane

Question 10

a structural model called the__________, acts as a barrier to the entry or exit of charged or polar substances

Answer 10

structural model called the fluid mosaic model

Question 11

back-to-back layers made up of 3 lipid molecules: phospholipids (75%), cholesterol (20%), and glycolipids (5%)

Answer 11

Double Phospholipid Layer (lipid bilayer)

Question 12

T or F
The bilayer arrangement occurs because the amino acids are amphipathic, which means they have both polar and nonpolar part

Answer 12

FALSE
The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipids are amphipathic, which means they have both polar and nonpolar part

Question 13

What is the part that attracts water?
(water-loving polar head)

Answer 13

hydrophilic heads

Question 14

What is the part that repels water, no charged cells, (water-fearing nonpolar head), makes the plasma membrane permeable, two long fatty acid “tails”

Answer 14

hydrophobic tails

Question 15

T or F
hydrophilic heads face outwards, on either side – cytosol and ECF
hydrophobic tails, point toward one another forming a nonpolar, hydrophobic region in the membrane’s interior

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

Other materials found in plasma membrane (3)

Answer 16

protein
cholesterol
glycoproteins

Question 17

It is responsible for being the receptor for hormones, and serves as transporter or carriers

Answer 17

Cholesterol

Question 18

The part that extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it; amphipathic

Answer 18

Integral Proteins:

Question 19

T of F
Specialized proteins: mostly integral proteins, they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both cytosol and ECF

Answer 19

FASLE
Transmembrane proteins: mostly integral proteins, they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both cytosol and ECF

Question 20

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the ECF

Answer 20

Glycoproteins

Question 21

An extensive sugary coat formed by the carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins

Answer 21

Glycocalyx

Question 22

T or F
Peripheral Proteins: not firmly attached in the membrane; attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface membrane

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

Functions of Membrane Proteins

Answer 23

Some integral proteins form ion channels, pores or holes that specific ions can flow through to get into or out of the cell
o Other integral proteins act as carriers or transporters
o Integral proteins called receptors serve as cellular recognition sites. A specific molecule that binds to a receptor is called a ligand
o Some integral proteins are enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside surface of the cell
o Integral proteins may also serve as linkers that anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell

Question 24

finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

Answer 24

Microvilli

Question 25

Member junctions

Answer 25

tight junctions: desmosomes: gap junctions: adherens junctions: hemidesmosomes:

Question 26

anchor cells not to each other but to the basement membrane

Answer 26

hemidesmosomes:

Question 27

contains plaque that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

Answer 27

adherens junctions:

Question 28

communicating junctions, responsible for molecules that can travel from one cell to another

Answer 28

gap junctions:

Question 29

impermeable, does not allow passage of ions or enzymes, binds cells together

Answer 29

tight junctions:

Question 30

It consists of all the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

Answer 30

Cytoplasm

Question 31

fluid that suspends other elements ▪ also called intracellular fluid ▪ consists of water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles

Answer 31

Cytosol

Question 32

metabolic machinery of the cell

Answer 32

Organelles

Question 33

non-functioning units inside the cells that are considered to be chemical substances (nutrients)

Answer 33

Inclusions

Question 34

Part of a cell that is made of protein and RNA * sites of protein synthesis * found at two locations:

Answer 34

Ribosomes

Question 35

Ribosomes can be found where?

Answer 35

found at two locations: i. free in the cytoplasm ii. attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 36

Part of the cell where It is studded with ribosomes ii. site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed iii. mainly for protein synthesis

Answer 36

Rough ER

Question 37

functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxify drugs

Answer 37

Smooth ER

Question 38

Function of the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 38

modifies and packages proteins

Question 39

contain enzymes that digest non-usable materials within the cell * found in WBCs * contains dead materials

Answer 39

Lysosomes

Question 40

T or F Lysosomes can be found in RBCs

Answer 40

FALSE Lysosomes can be found in WBCs

Question 41

* membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes * detoxify harmful substances * breakdown free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) * free radicals are converted to hydrogen peroxide and then to water * replicate by pinching in half

Answer 41

Peroxisomes

Question 42

change in shape continuously * carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food

Answer 42

Mitochondria

Question 43

provides ATP for cellular energy

Answer 43

Mitochondria

Question 43

provides ATP for cellular energy

Answer 43

Mitochondria

Question 44

network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

Answer 44

Cytoskeleton

Question 45

Cytoskeleton provides what?

Answer 45

provides the cell with an internal framework

Question 46

thin, rod-like structures near the cell’s periphery ii. they provide support and shape to the cell iii. they are also involved in muscle contraction, cell division, and cell locomotion

Answer 46

microfilaments

Question 47

larger and provide structural reinforcement in some cells and assist in contraction in others

Answer 47

intermediate filaments

Question 48

large, long, hollow tubes that provide support and shape for cells ii. provide framework for cilia and flagella, and are involved in moving chromosome during cell division

Answer 48

microtubules

Question 49

T or F Centrioles are cube shape bodies made of microtubules

Answer 49

FAlSE Centrioles are rod shape bodies made of microtubules

Question 50

direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Answer 50

Centrioles

Question 51

T or F Cellular projections not found in all cells

Answer 51

TRUE

Question 52

move materials across the cell surface; the cilia will not move but the materials around will; move fluids along a cell’s surface; mainly found in respiratory tract

Answer 52

cilia

Question 53

propels the cell; moves an entire cell; forward motion; sperm cell

Answer 53

flagellum

Question 54

T or F Neurons control center of the cell

Answer 54

FALSE Nucleus control center of the cell

Question 55

contains the DNA o inside it, the chromosome (a single molecule of DNA) contains thousands of hereditary units called genes

Answer 55

Nucleus

Question 56

control most aspects of cellular structure and function

Answer 56

Genes

Question 57

barrier of nucleus consists of a double phospholipid membrane

Answer 57

Nuclear Membrane

Question 58

also called “nuclear envelope”

Answer 58

Nuclear Membrane

Question 59

also called “nuclear envelope”

Answer 59

Nuclear Membrane

Question 60

contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cells

Answer 60

Nuclear Membrane

Question 61

sites of ribosome production * ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Answer 61

Nucleoli

Question 62

T or F Chromatin is composed of RNA and protein

Answer 62

FALSE Chromatin is composed of DNA and protein

Question 63

Term for Cells that connect body parts

Answer 63

fibroblast ▪ RBC (Erythrocyte); contains no nucleus

Question 64

Cells that cover and line body organs

Answer 64

Epithelial cell

Question 65

Cells that move organs and body parts

Answer 65

▪ skeletal muscle cell ▪ smooth muscle cell (mainly found in internal organs)

Question 66

Cell that stores nutrients

Answer 66

▪ fat cell

Question 67

Cell that fights disease

Answer 67

▪ macrophage cell

Question 68

Cell that gathers information and controls body functions

Answer 68

▪ nerve cell

Question 69

Cells of Reproduction

Answer 69

▪ sperm and egg (ovum) cell

Question 70

T or F Transport across the Plasma Membrane ICF (Intracellular fluid) – fluid in body cells ECF (extracellular fluid) – fluid outside the cells Interstitial fluid – ECF between cells in tissues

Answer 70

TRUE

Question 71

T or F solvent – dissolving medium (water, chemicals that can dissolve) ▪ solutes – components in smaller quantities (sodium)

Answer 71

TRUE

Question 72

A type of transport that uses no energy required, toward the concentration gradient (hi-low) o substance moves down to its concentration

Answer 72

Passive transport

Question 73

Passive transport includes

Answer 73

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Question 74

A type of Transport that need metabolic energy o used to drive the substance “uphill” against the concentration gradient o primary and secondary; also through membrane sacs or vesicles

Answer 74

Active Transport

Question 75

A type of Transport that need metabolic energy o used to drive the substance “uphill” against the concentration gradient o primary and secondary; also through membrane sacs or vesicles

Answer 75

Active Transport

Question 76

RNA that transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein

Answer 76

tRNA

Question 77

RNA that helps forms the ribosomes where proteins are built

Answer 77

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 78

RNA that carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

Answer 78

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 79

RNA that carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

Answer 79

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 80

Cell life cycle o Two major periods:

Answer 80

Interphase: Cell division:

Question 81

Phase where cell grows, cell carries on metabolic processes, no cell division occurs; the cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth, chromatin is present, DNA replication occurs

Answer 81

Interphase:

Question 82

Phase where cell replicates itself, function is to produce cell for repair processes and growth

Answer 82

Cell division

Question 83

division of cytoplasm, begins when mitosis near completion, 2 daughter cells

Answer 83

Cytokinesis:

Question 84

T or F the reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads, produces gametes in which the number of chromosomes is reduced 3 times

Answer 84

FALSER the reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads, produces gametes in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half

Question 85

Term for cells that are specialized for particular functions

Answer 85

Body Tissues

Question 86

4 primary types of Tissues:

Answer 86

epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle

Question 87

Tissues that are found in body coverings, linings, and glandular tissue

Answer 87

Epithelial tissues

Question 88

Function of Epithelial tissues

Answer 88

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

Question 89

T or F squamous (Round), cuboidal (cube shaped), columnar (column-like)

Answer 89

FALSE squamous (flattened), cuboidal (cube shaped), columnar (column-like)

Question 90

number of cell layers: simple (___ layer), stratified (______ layer)

Answer 90

number of cell layers: simple (one layer), stratified (more than one layer)

Question 91

found everywhere in the body o include the most abundant and widely distributed tissues

Answer 91

Connective Tissue

Question 92

Function of Connective Tissue

Answer 92

binds body tissues together, supports the body, provide protection

Question 93

T or F Blood is a connective tissue

Answer 93

TRUE

Question 94

Epithelial Membranes includes:

Answer 94

Mucous Membrane Serous Membrane Cutaneous Membrane Synovial Membrane

Question 95

Muscular Tissues includes:

Answer 95

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth