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IHAP > Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of cell/s?

A

To carry out all chemical activities needed to
sustain life

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2
Q

most cells are composed 4 main elements:

A

carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen

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3
Q

How many % of water is a cell consist of?

A

60% consisting of water

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4
Q

T or F
cells are the building block of all living things

A

TRUE

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5
Q

study of cell, also called cell biology

A

Cytology:

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6
Q

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

A

Tissues

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7
Q

all cells share general structures, and cells are organized into three main regions

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane

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8
Q

It is a barrier for cell contents, forms the cell’s flexible outer surface separating the external and internal environment

A

Plasma Membrane

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9
Q

A selective barrier that regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell, plays a key role in communication among cells
and between cells and their external environment

A

Plasma Membrane

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10
Q

a structural model called the__________, acts as a barrier to the entry or exit of charged or polar substances

A

structural model called the fluid mosaic model

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11
Q

back-to-back layers made up of 3 lipid molecules: phospholipids (75%), cholesterol (20%), and glycolipids (5%)

A

Double Phospholipid Layer (lipid bilayer)

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12
Q

T or F
The bilayer arrangement occurs because the amino acids are amphipathic, which means they have both polar and nonpolar part

A

FALSE
The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipids are amphipathic, which means they have both polar and nonpolar part

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13
Q

What is the part that attracts water?
(water-loving polar head)

A

hydrophilic heads

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14
Q

What is the part that repels water, no charged cells, (water-fearing nonpolar head), makes the plasma membrane permeable, two long fatty acid “tails”

A

hydrophobic tails

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15
Q

T or F
hydrophilic heads face outwards, on either side – cytosol and ECF
hydrophobic tails, point toward one another forming a nonpolar, hydrophobic region in the membrane’s interior

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Other materials found in plasma membrane (3)

A

protein
cholesterol
glycoproteins

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17
Q

It is responsible for being the receptor for hormones, and serves as transporter or carriers

A

Cholesterol

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18
Q

The part that extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it; amphipathic

A

Integral Proteins:

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19
Q

T of F
Specialized proteins: mostly integral proteins, they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both cytosol and ECF

A

FASLE
Transmembrane proteins: mostly integral proteins, they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both cytosol and ECF

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20
Q

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the ECF

A

Glycoproteins

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21
Q

An extensive sugary coat formed by the carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins

A

Glycocalyx

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22
Q

T or F
Peripheral Proteins: not firmly attached in the membrane; attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface membrane

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Functions of Membrane Proteins

A

Some integral proteins form ion channels, pores or holes that specific ions can flow through to get into or out of the cell
o Other integral proteins act as carriers or transporters
o Integral proteins called receptors serve as cellular recognition sites. A specific molecule that binds to a receptor is called a ligand
o Some integral proteins are enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside surface of the cell
o Integral proteins may also serve as linkers that anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell

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24
Q

finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

A

Microvilli

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25
Q

Member junctions

A

tight junctions:
desmosomes:
gap junctions:
adherens junctions:
hemidesmosomes:

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26
Q

anchor cells not to each other but to the basement membrane

A

hemidesmosomes:

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27
Q

contains plaque that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

A

adherens junctions:

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28
Q

communicating junctions, responsible for molecules that can travel from one cell to another

A

gap junctions:

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29
Q

impermeable, does not allow passage of ions or enzymes, binds cells together

A

tight junctions:

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30
Q

It consists of all the material outside the nucleus
and inside the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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31
Q

fluid that suspends other elements
▪ also called intracellular fluid
▪ consists of water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles

A

Cytosol

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32
Q

metabolic machinery of the cell

A

Organelles

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33
Q

non-functioning units inside the cells that are considered to be chemical substances (nutrients)

A

Inclusions

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34
Q

Part of a cell that is
made of protein and RNA
* sites of protein synthesis
* found at two locations:

A

Ribosomes

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35
Q

Ribosomes can be found where?

A

found at two locations:
i. free in the cytoplasm
ii. attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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36
Q

Part of the cell where
It is studded with ribosomes
ii. site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed
iii. mainly for protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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37
Q

functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxify drugs

A

Smooth ER

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38
Q

Function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

modifies and packages proteins

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39
Q

contain enzymes that digest non-usable materials within the cell
* found in WBCs
* contains dead materials

A

Lysosomes

40
Q

T or F
Lysosomes can be found in RBCs

A

FALSE
Lysosomes can be found in WBCs

41
Q
  • membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
  • detoxify harmful substances
  • breakdown free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
  • free radicals are converted to hydrogen peroxide and then to water
  • replicate by pinching in half
A

Peroxisomes

42
Q

change in shape continuously
* carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food

A

Mitochondria

43
Q

provides ATP for cellular energy

A

Mitochondria

43
Q

provides ATP for cellular energy

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton

45
Q

Cytoskeleton provides what?

A

provides the cell with an internal framework

46
Q

thin, rod-like structures near the cell’s periphery
ii. they provide support and shape to the cell
iii. they are also involved in muscle contraction, cell division, and cell locomotion

A

microfilaments

47
Q

larger and provide structural reinforcement in some cells and
assist in contraction in others

A

intermediate filaments

48
Q

large, long, hollow tubes that provide support and shape for cells
ii. provide framework for cilia and flagella, and are involved in moving chromosome during cell division

A

microtubules

49
Q

T or F
Centrioles are cube shape bodies made of microtubules

A

FAlSE
Centrioles are rod shape bodies made of microtubules

50
Q

direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

A

Centrioles

51
Q

T or F
Cellular projections not found in all cells

A

TRUE

52
Q

move materials across the cell surface; the cilia will not move but the materials around will; move fluids along a cell’s surface; mainly found in respiratory tract

A

cilia

53
Q

propels the cell; moves an entire cell; forward motion; sperm cell

A

flagellum

54
Q

T or F
Neurons control center of the cell

A

FALSE
Nucleus control center of the cell

55
Q

contains the DNA
o inside it, the chromosome (a single molecule of DNA) contains thousands of hereditary units called genes

A

Nucleus

56
Q

control most aspects of cellular
structure and function

A

Genes

57
Q

barrier of nucleus
consists of a double phospholipid membrane

A

Nuclear Membrane

58
Q

also called “nuclear envelope”

A

Nuclear Membrane

59
Q

also called “nuclear envelope”

A

Nuclear Membrane

60
Q

contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cells

A

Nuclear Membrane

61
Q

sites of ribosome production
* ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

A

Nucleoli

62
Q

T or F
Chromatin is composed of RNA and protein

A

FALSE
Chromatin is composed of DNA and protein

63
Q

Term for
Cells that connect body parts

A

fibroblast
▪ RBC (Erythrocyte); contains no nucleus

64
Q

Cells that cover and line body organs

A

Epithelial cell

65
Q

Cells that move organs and body parts

A

▪ skeletal muscle cell
▪ smooth muscle cell (mainly found in internal organs)

66
Q

Cell that stores nutrients

A

▪ fat cell

67
Q

Cell that fights disease

A

▪ macrophage cell

68
Q

Cell that gathers information and controls body functions

A

▪ nerve cell

69
Q

Cells of Reproduction

A

▪ sperm and egg (ovum) cell

70
Q

T or F
Transport across the Plasma Membrane
ICF (Intracellular fluid) – fluid in body cells
ECF (extracellular fluid) – fluid outside the cells
Interstitial fluid – ECF between cells in tissues

A

TRUE

71
Q

T or F
solvent – dissolving medium (water, chemicals that can dissolve)
▪ solutes – components in smaller quantities (sodium)

A

TRUE

72
Q

A type of transport that uses no energy required, toward the concentration gradient (hi-low)
o substance moves down to its concentration

A

Passive transport

73
Q

Passive transport includes

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

74
Q

A type of Transport that need metabolic energy
o used to drive the substance “uphill” against the concentration gradient
o primary and secondary; also through membrane sacs or vesicles

A

Active Transport

75
Q

A type of Transport that need metabolic energy
o used to drive the substance “uphill” against the concentration gradient
o primary and secondary; also through membrane sacs or vesicles

A

Active Transport

76
Q

RNA that transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein

A

tRNA

77
Q

RNA that helps forms the ribosomes where proteins are built

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

78
Q

RNA that carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

79
Q

RNA that carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

80
Q

Cell life cycle
o Two major periods:

A

Interphase:
Cell division:

81
Q

Phase where cell grows, cell carries on metabolic processes, no cell division occurs; the cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth, chromatin is present, DNA replication occurs

A

Interphase:

82
Q

Phase where cell replicates itself, function is to produce cell for repair processes and growth

A

Cell division

83
Q

division of cytoplasm, begins when mitosis near completion, 2 daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis:

84
Q

T or F
the reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads, produces gametes in which the number of chromosomes is reduced 3 times

A

FALSER
the reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads, produces gametes in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half

85
Q

Term for cells that are specialized for particular functions

A

Body Tissues

86
Q

4 primary types of Tissues:

A

epithelium,
connective,
nervous,
muscle

87
Q

Tissues that are found in body coverings, linings, and glandular tissue

A

Epithelial tissues

88
Q

Function of Epithelial tissues

A

protection,
absorption,
filtration,
secretion

89
Q

T or F
squamous (Round),
cuboidal (cube shaped),
columnar (column-like)

A

FALSE
squamous (flattened),
cuboidal (cube shaped),
columnar (column-like)

90
Q

number of cell layers:
simple (___ layer), stratified (______ layer)

A

number of cell layers:
simple (one layer), stratified (more than one layer)

91
Q

found everywhere in the body
o include the most abundant and widely distributed tissues

A

Connective Tissue

92
Q

Function of Connective Tissue

A

binds body tissues together,
supports the body,
provide protection

93
Q

T or F
Blood is a connective tissue

A

TRUE

94
Q

Epithelial Membranes includes:

A

Mucous Membrane
Serous Membrane
Cutaneous Membrane
Synovial Membrane

95
Q

Muscular Tissues includes:

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

IHAP (15 decks)

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