Blood Flashcards
the only classified tissue to be liquid in form; it is a ____ connective tissue
Blood
transport medium that is pumped by the heart; a vehicle for transporting nutrients, gases, or waste products
Blood
What are the blood vessels, what is its function?
the passageway of blood (e.g. arteries, veins, capillaries – for exchange of gases)
the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them
Hematology:
Functions of Blood
Transportation, Regulation, and Protection
T or F
Scarlet red: oxygenated blood
Dull pink: deoxygenated blood
FALSE
Scarlet red: oxygenated blood
➢ Dull red: deoxygenated blood
What should the ph of the blood be?
pH must remain between 7.35 – 7.45
T or F
Blood temperature is slightly lower than body temperature (100.4 F or 38.1 C)
FALSE
Blood temperature is slightly higher than body
temperature (100.4 F or 38.1 C)
Why is blood’s temperature higher??
This is due to the friction generated as blood circulates or moves throughout the body
Normally, blood volume is about _____ liters
Blood makes up __% of the body weight
Normally, blood volume is about 5 – 6 liters
Blood makes up 8% of the body weight
What percentage does blood plasma made up of?
Blood Plasma (55% of Blood)
___________: red blood cells
___________: white blood cells
___________: thrombocytes; cell fragments
- Erythrocytes: red blood cells
- Leukocytes: white blood cells
- Platelets: thrombocytes; cell fragments
Its main function is to carry oxygen
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
has much greater surface area for the diffusion of gas
molecules into and out of the RBC
Biconcave disc:
Iron-containing protein
o Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen (oxyhemoglobin)
Hemoglobin
a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood; results in pale color
Anemia:
results from abnormally- shaped hemoglobin
Sickle cell anemia (SCA):
an excessive or abnormal increase in the
number of RBCs; results in reddish or
pinkish color
Polycythemia:
May be caused by bone marrow cancer (polycythemia vera)
It may be a response to life at higher altitudes (secondary polycythemia)
Polycythemia:
List of WBCs from most to least abundant:
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Crucial in the body’s defense against diseases
These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
WBC moves by?
amoeboid motion
WBC: Around____ to ___WBC per cubic
millimeter of blood
Around 4,800 to 10,800 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood
- _______: above 11,000 leukocytes/mL; generally indicates an infection
- _______: abnormally low leukocyte level; commonly caused by certain drugs
- _______: bone marrow becomes cancerous; turns out excess WBCs
- Leukocytosis:
o above 11,000 leukocytes/mL; generally indicates an infection - Leukopenia:
o abnormally low leukocyte level; commonly caused by certain drugs - Leukemia:
o bone marrow becomes cancerous; turns out excess WBCs
granules in their cytoplasm can be stained; includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granulocytes:
lack visible cytoplasmic granules and the nucleus tends to be oval, kidney, or spherical in shape; include lymphocytes and monocytes
Agranulocytes:
Cytoplasm stains pale pink and contains fine granules
o Deep purple nucleus contains three to seven lobes
Neutrophils
Numbers increase during infection; for acute infection 3,000 – 7,000 neutrophils per cubic millimeter of blood
Neutrophils
Red, coarse cytoplasmic granules
o Figure 8 or bilobed nucleus stains blue-red
o Function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks 100 – 400 eosinophils per cubic millimeter of blood (1 – 4 % of WBCs)
Eosinophils
o Sparse but large blue-purple granules
o U or S-shaped nucleus stains dark blue
o Release histamine (vasodilator) at sites of inflammation
Basophils
Contain heparin (anticoagulant)
20–50 basophils in a cubic millimeter of blood (0 – 1 % of WBCs)
Basophils
Cytoplasm is pale blue
o Dark purple-blue nucleus
o Functions as part of the immune response
Lymphocytes
gives rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies (binds to foreign substances and activates the immune
system)
B lymphocytes:
attack invading viruses,
cancer cells, and transplanted tissue cells
T lymphocytes:
cells) attack wide
variety of infectious microbes and certain
spontaneously arising tumor cells
1,500 – 3,000 lymphocytes in a cubic
millimeter of blood (20 – 45 % of WBCs)
T lymphocytes:
T or F
1,500 – 3,000 lymphocytes in a cubic
millimeter of blood (20 – 45 % of WBCs)
Natural killer cells(NK cells)
Largest of the white blood cells and the matured
form of macrophages
Monocytes
Function as ___________; involves phagocytosis
o Important in fighting chronic infection
Monocytes
Important in fighting chronic infection
o 100 – 700 monocytes per cubic millimeter of blood (4 – 8 % of WBCs)
Monocytes
Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells
(megakaryocytes)
PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
T of F
RBC are needed for the clotting process
FALSE
Platelets Needed for the clotting process
Normal platelet count (average)
Normal platelet count (average) = 300,000 per
cubic millimeter
Normal platelet count (range)
Normal platelet count (range) = 150,000 –
400,000 per cubic millimeter
Blood cell formation
o Occurs in red bone marrow
HEMATOPOIESIS
All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell called?
All blood cells are derived from a common stem
cell (hemocytoblast)
Hemocytoblast differentiation
a. _______:produces lymphocytes
b. _______: produces other formed elements
Hemocytoblast differentiation
a. Lymphoid stem cell: produces lymphocytes
b. Myeloid stem cell: produces other formed elements
Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets are Controlled by ?
Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets
o Controlled by hormones
T or F
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
TRUE
production of RBCs; stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin
Erythropoiesis:
T or F
Leukemia: production of WBCs
FALSE
Leukopoiesis: production of WBCs
production of platelets; stimulated by the hormone thrombopoietin
Thrombopoiesis:
Hemostasis involves three phases which are?
- Vascular spasms
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation
Blood usually clots within ____ minutes
Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
a clot in an unbroken blood vessel; can be deadly in areas like the heart
Thrombus:
a thrombus that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream; can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
Embolus:
platelet deficiency;
➢ even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
Thrombocytopenia:
hereditary bleeding disorder;
➢ normal clotting factors are missing
Hemophilia:
Large losses of blood have serious consequences
Loss of _____% causes weakness
Loss of more than __% causes shock (hypovolemic shock), which can be fatal
Large losses of blood have serious
consequences
Loss of 15 – 30% causes weakness
Loss of more than 30% causes shock
(hypovolemic shock), which can be fatal
T or F
Transfusions are the only way to replace blood
quickly
TRUE
T or F
The fetal heartand spleen are early sites of blood cell formation
FALSE
The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood
cell formation
