Respiratory System Flashcards
The main function of the respiratory system is to?
supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.
What happens during Pulmonary ventilation?
movement of air in and out of lungs
What happens during External respiration?
gas diffusion in the lungs
and blood
What must occur in respiration?
- Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs
- External respiration: gas diffusion in the lungs
and blood - Transport of respiratory gasses: transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs
-Internal respiration: gas diffusion in the blood and tissue cells
Organs of the Respiratory System:
Nose
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Lungs
Bronchi
Structural Classification refers to?
Upper respiratory tract:
Lower respiratory tract:
The Upper respiratory tract consists of?
nose, pharynx, and associated structures
The lower respiratory tract consist of?
larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, lungs, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
Functional Classification refers to?
Conducting zone and Respiratory zone
Function is to filter, warm, moisten, and conduct air into the lungs
Conducting zone
High diffusion sites/ Main sites of gas exchange between air and blood (within the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries)
Respiratory zone
Type 1 and Type 2 alveolar cells (pneumocytes) are found where?
Respiratory zone
T or F
Aveolar cells
Type 1 - mainly responsible for the diffusion
Type 2 - releases surfactant (reduces airway resistance/ increases compliance)
TRUE
Conducting zone consist of ?
Includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
Respiratory zone consist of?
Includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
In fetal development, is the most vital week for surfactant production
7th week
(medical term for lung collapse)
Atelectasis
only externally visible part of the respiratory
Nose
Functions of the nose:
external nares/nostrils)
Moistens and warms entering air
Filters and cleans inspired air
Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors (located in the mucosa on the superior surface)
Functions of the nose:
external nares/nostrils)
Moistens and warms entering air
Filters and cleans inspired air
Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors (located in the mucosa on the superior surface)
Respiratory —- lines most of the nasal cavity
Respiratory mucosa lines most of the nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is divided by a
nasal septum
The lateral walls have projections called nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior), which:
Increases surface area
Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity
T or F
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the tongue
False
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate
where the uvula is located, which moves superiorly preventing food from entering the nasal cavity and allowing food to move down
Posterior soft palate (muscle)
up and down movement, prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
Uvula
part of the nasal cavity that is superior to the nostrils; lined with (vibrissae) hair follicles, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
Nasal vestibule:
Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity:
Frontal sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Functions of sinuses:
Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers for speech
Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
It is the muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
PHARYNX (THROAT)
Three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx: superior region behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx: middle region mouth (common passageway for air and food)
Laryngopharynx: inferior region attached to larynx (common passageway for air and food)
Structure of the pharynx:
Auditory tubes (pharyngotympanic tubes) enter the nasopharynx
Has tonsils, which trap and destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynx
3 tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils in the lateral walls of the oropharyngeal mucosa
Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
Routes air and food into proper channels
Plays a role in speech
LARYNX (VOICE BOX)
Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis, prevents food from entering the airway, if it happens it is called aspiration pneumonia)
LARYNX (VOICE BOX)
T or F
the pharynx is a Total of 9 cartilages:
Occurs in singles: thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage
Occurs in pairs: arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages
TRUE
superior opening of the larynx; routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
Epiglottis
T or F
Vocal cords (vocal folds): vibrate with expelled air to create mucus
FALSE
Vocal cords (vocal folds): vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)
T or F
Vestibular folds: true vocal cords
Glottis: opening between vocal cords
False
Vestibular folds: false vocal cords
Glottis: opening between vocal cords
Connects larynx with bronchi
Line with ciliated mucosa
TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)
Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air
Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris
TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)
Walls of the trachea are reinforced with —— 0 c-shaped hyaline cartilage
Walls are reinforced with 16-20 c-shaped hyaline cartilage
The trachea has 2 reflexes, what are they and their purpose?
sneeze reflex - foreign object in the nose
cough reflex - foreign object in the throat
internal ridge formed at the point of bifurcation into the right and left bronchi
CArina
T or F
R P Bronchus- shorter, wider,more vertical
L P Bronchus - longer, narrower, less vertical
TRUE
cupped hand and percuss the landmark in the posterior (scapula)
Postural drainage:
projection of the upper lobe of the left lung (parang dila)
Lingula
T or F
The lungs;Apex is near the clavicle; the base rests on the stomach
Apex is near the clavicle; base rests on the diaphragm
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures:
Right: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior lobes); 2 fissures (horizontal, oblique fissures)
Left: 2 lobes (superior and inferior lobes); 1 fissure (oblique fissure)
Coverings of the lungs and descriptions
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura: covers the lung surface
Parietal pleura: lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Pleural fluid: fills the area between the layers of pleura to allow gliding
A series of branching airways commonly referred to as “generation orders”
Tracheobronchial Tree
The Tracheobronchial Tree Air passages between trachea and alveoli divide how many times?
Air passages between trachea and alveoli divide 23 times
Types of Respiration and pathway
External Respiration - alveoli to bloodstream
Internal Respiration – bloodstream to cell
Cellular
Respiratory tree divisions or tracheobronchial tree:
Primary (main) bronchi = 1 on right, 1 on left
Secondary (lobar) bronchi = 3 on right, 2 on left
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi = 10 on right, 8 on left
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
From 2.5cm2 in trachea to 11,800 cm2 in alveoli
Surface area is directly proportional to the rate of diffusion
RESPIRATORY TREE DIVISIONS
T or F
RR is high at a young age, especially with newborns and infants because the muscles are not well-developed and they are still adjusting to their environment
True
T or F
R Rate often increases somewhat with old age
TRUE
Respiratory rate changes throughout life: Newborns:
Newborns: 40 to 80 respirations per minute
why do newborns have greater respiration per minute:
underdeveloped respiratory structures
Respiratory rate changes throughout life: Infants
Infants: 30 respirations per minute
Respiratory rate changes throughout life: Age 5-25
Age 5: 25 respirations per minute
T or F
AGING EFFECTS
The elasticity of lungs increases
Vital signs decreases
Blood oxygen levels increases
Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases
More risks of respiratory tract infection
FALSE
AGING EFFECTS
Elasticity of lungs decreases
Vital capacity decreases
Blood oxygen levels decreases
Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases
More risks of respiratory tract infection
Respiratory rate changes throughout life: Adults
Adults: 12 to 18 respirations per minute
What nerves are involved in the rate of respiration, volume breathing, and simulation of cough
The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve are both also involved in the rate of respiration, volume of breathing, or in the stimulation of cough
T or F
Baroreceptors may also affect cardiac rate and depth due to their detection of pressure
Flase
Baroreceptors may also affect respiratory rate and depth due to their detection of pressure
FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATORY RATE AND DEPTH
Physical and Chemical
Physical factors:
Increased body temperatur
Exercise
Talking
Coughing
Volition (conscious control)
Emotional factors
Chemical factors:
CO2 levels
Oxygen levels
