Nervous System - midterms Flashcards
T or F
The nervous system is one of the systems responsible for maintaining homeostasis. It is the controlling and communicating system of the body.
TRUE
All is the function of the NS except :
Receiving sensory input
Integrating information
Controlling muscles and glands
Maintaining homeostasis
Muscle growth
Establishing and maintaining mental activity
Muscle Growth
Located in skull and contains 85 billion neurons
Brain
connected to the brain through foramen magnum of the occipital bone and is encircled by the bones of the vertebral column;
SPINAL CORD
Incoming sensory information; thoughts, emotions, and memories.
SPINAL CORD
Stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete
SPINAL CORD
A bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels
NERVE
Nerve fibers that carry towards the central nervous system
SENSORY (AFFERENT) DIVISION
Nerve fibers that carry towards the central nervous system
SENSORY (AFFERENT) DIVISION
Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from central nervous system
MOTOR (EFFERENT) DIVISION
The receptors that was discussed during the integumentary system
CUTANEOUS SENSE ORGANS
The receptors that was discussed during the integumentary system
CUTANEOUS SENSE ORGANS
These are special sensory organs that can erect stretch or tension
PROPRIOCEPTORS
Receptor for Pain
NOCICEPTORS
Light touch receptor
MEISSNER CORPUSCLE
For deep pressure receptore
LAMELLAR CORPUSCLE
For tension in the tendons
receptor
PROPRIOCEPTORS (GOLGI TENDON ORGANS)
For tension within the muscle fibers
receptor
PROPRIOCEPTORS (MUSCLE SPINDLE)
sensory neurons that convey information to the body
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A special nervous system found only in the digestive tract
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals
NEURONS
Cells that wrap and surround delicate neuronS
Supportive cells of the CNS and PNS, enhance neuron function, and maintain conditions within nervous tissue
GLIAL CELLS OR NEUROLOGIA
T or F
NISSL SUBSTANCE
specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum
NEUROFIBRIL
intermediate cytoskeleton that maintains cell shape
TRUE
A special nervous system found only in the digestive tract
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A special nervous system found only in the digestive tract
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVE COVERINGS
(3 items)
EPINEURIUM
Covers the entire nerve (Outer)
PERINEURIUM
Covers the group of nerve fibers forming a fascicle (Middle)
ENDONEURIUM
Covers each nerve fiber (Inner)
Contains one axon and several dendrites; mainly found in the brain and spinal cord
Most abundant
MULTIPOLAR NEURONS
Contains one axon and one dendrite
Found in the inner ear, retina, olfactory
BIPOLAR NEURONS
Contains several dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body
Mostly found in the PNS
Pseudounipolar neurons because they begin as bipolar neurons
UNIPOLAR NEURONS
Carry impulses from sensory receptors, cutaneous sense organs, and proprioceptors (Stretch and tension)
Carry information to the CNS
SENSORY NEURONS
(AFFERENT)
Mainly found in the neural pathway and CNS
Integrate sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit motor response via motor neurons
INTERNEURONS
(ASSOCIATION NEURONS)
Carry impulses from CNS to effector organs (muscle or gland)
MOTOR NEURONS (EFFERENT)
Produce myelin sheaths for single axon in jelly-roll like fashion
SCHWANN CELL
Flat cells surrounding cell bodies of neurons
Protects the neuron bodies
Regulates exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid
SATELLITE CELL
These are rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus, automatic response
REFLEXES
Reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles (pulling hand away from hot stimulus)
SOMATIC REFLEXES
Regulates the activity of smooth muscles (regulation of smooth muscles, heart, and blood pressure, glans, and digestive system)
AUTONOMIC REFLEXES
T or F
SENSORY RECEPTOR
Reacts to stimulus
SENSORY NEURON
Carries message to integration center
INTEGRATION CENTER
Processes information and directs motor output
MOTOR NEURON
Carries message to an effector
EFFECTOR ORGAN
Muscle or gland to be stimulated
TRUE
4 MAJOR REGIONS OF THE BRAIN
CEREBRUM
BRAIN STEM
DIENCEPHALON
CEREBELLUM
T of F
FISSURE
Grooves or indentations that are superficial
SULCUS
Grooves or indentations that are deep
GYRUS
Ridges found on the surface of the head
FALSE
FISSURE
Grooves or indentations that are deeper
SULCUS
Grooves or indentations that are superficial
GYRUS
Ridges found on the surface of the brain
Paired (left & right) superior parts of the brain, separated by medial longitudinal fissure
Include more than half of the brain mass (83%)
Known as the “seat of intelligence”
CEREBRUM
Separates frontal and parietal lobe
CENTRAL SULCUS OF ROLANDO
(ROLANDIC FISSURE)
Found anterior to central sulcus,
For motor
PRECENTRAL GYRUS
Found posterior to central sulcus
For sensation
POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
Separates parietal and occipital lobes
PARIETO-OCCIPITAL SULCUS
Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe
LATERAL SULCUS OF SYLVIA
(SYLVIAN FISSURE)
LAYERS OF THE CEREBRUM
GRAY MATTER - Outer layer composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
WHITE MATTER - Fiber tracts inside the gray matter (e.g. corpus callosum)
BASAL NUCLEI - Internal islands of gray matter
Sits on top of the brain stem and is enclosed by the Cerebral Hemispheres
Made of three parts: (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
DIENCEPHALON
surrounds the third ventricle
(Third ventricle: one of the ventricles responsible for secreting CSF)
The relay station for sensory impulses (thalamus)
Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation
THALAMUS
Helps regulate body temperature, water balance, metabolism
An important part of the limbic system (emotions)
The pituitary gland (master gland) is attached to the hypothalamus
Hypopith
HYPOTHALAMUS
Forms the roof of the third ventricle
Houses the pineal gland or body (responsible for circadian rhythm),
melatonin (sleep-wake cycle) (increase in production)
Includes the choroid plexus that forms CSF
epl pin
EPITHALAMUS
Parts of the brain stem include:
(midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers
Contains two parts:
CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES
Two bulging fiber tracts
CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA
Four rounded protrusions
Composed of two superior colliculus
For vision
Two inferior colliculus
For hearing
mIDBRAIN
The bulging center part of the brain stem mostly composed of fiber tracts
Responsible for breathing, chewing, salivation, and swallowing
Relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum
Responsible for involuntary respiration
PONS
The lowest part of the brain stem
Merges into the spinal cord and contains important control centers such as:
Heart rate control
Blood pressure regulation
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting
Coughing and sneezing
Blood vessel diameter
Balance
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces
Provides involuntary coordination of body movements, balance, coordination, postur
CEREBELLUM
Right side controls right side, left side controls left side; ipsilateral
Contains the transverse fissure
IPSILATERAL
It is roughly oval in shape, being flattened slightly anteriorly and posteriorly.
Enlargements occur in the cervical and lumbar regions, the cord becomes thinner in thoracic and sacral regions
Extends from the medulla oblongata to the region of T12 (Distal enlargement for the spinal cord)
SPINAL CORD
WHAT ARE THE 2 FUNCTIONAL DIVISION OF THE PNS?
SENSORY DIVISION - Carry impulses toward the CNS
MOTOR DIVISION - Carry impulses away from the CNS
NAMES OF THE CRANIAL NERVES
Olfactory nerve (CN I), optic nerve (CN II), oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), and hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
NAMES OF THE CRANIAL NERVES
Olfactory nerve (CN I), optic nerve (CN II), oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), and hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
NAMES OF THE CRANIAL NERVES
Olfactory nerve (CN I), optic nerve (CN II), oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), and hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
Progressive degenerative brain disease
Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age
Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons
Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately hallucinations and death
Alzheimer’s Disease
Results from a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain
Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from the that blood source dies
Loss of some functions or death may results
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke
—-: one-sided paralysis
—–: damage to speech center in left hemisphere
Hemiplegia: one-sided paralysis
Aphasia: damage to speech center in left hemisphere
Temporary brain ischemia (restriction of blood flow)
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Traumatic Brain Injuries
and their definitions
(3 itmes)
Concussion: slight brain injury without permanent brain damage
Contusion: nervous tissue destruction occurs without regeneration
Cerebral edema: swelling from the inflammatory response and may compress and kill brain tissue
Development Aspects of the Nervous System
- The nervous system is formed during the first month of embryonic development
- Any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects
- The hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the brain to develop
- No more neurons are formed after birth, but growth and maturation continue for several years
- The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult
The involuntary branch of the nervous system
Consists of only motor neurons and is divided into two divisions:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Autonomic Nervous System
T of F
Dorsal rami: serves the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk
Ventral rami: forms a complex of networks (plexus) for the anterior
true
Functional Class and Function of Cn I, II, and III
I-Sensory-Smell
II-Sensory-Vision
III-Motor-eye movement
Functional Class and Function of Cn I, II, and III
I-Sensory-Smell
II-Sensory-Vision
III-Motor-eye movement
Functional Class and Function of Cn I, II, and III
I-Sensory-Smell
II-Sensory-Vision
III-Motor-eye movement
Functional Class and Function of Cn I, II, and III
I-Sensory-Smell
II-Sensory-Vision
III-Motor-eye movement
Functional Class and Function of Cn I, II, and III
I-Sensory-Smell
II-Sensory-Vision
III-Motor-eye movement
Functional Class and Function of Cn I, II, and III
I-Sensory-Smell
II-Sensory-Vision
III-Motor-eye movement
Functional Class and Function of CN IV, V, VI, and VII
IV-Motor-Oculomotor
V-Mix-S: face for pain/whole head M:Chewing
VI-Motor-eye movement
VII-Mix-S:Taste 2/3 of the anterior tongueM:Facial movement
Functional Class and function of CN VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII
VIII-Sensory-Sensation, Balance, Hearing
IX-Mix-S:Taste 1/3, M:for Swallowing
X: Mix- S:stimulate smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretions in these organs, m: gag reflex
XI-Motor-For movement of Trapezius and SCM(neck muscle)\
XII-Movement-Tongue and throat
What is the Smallest and Longest CN?
SMALLEST CN I
LONGEST CN X
AKA STUPID NERVE
CN IV
