prelims Flashcards
The science of body structures and the
relationships among them
Anatomy
The science of body functions: how the body
parts work
Physiology
The careful cutting apart of body structures to
study their relationships
Dissection
First 8 weeks of development after fertilization of the human egg
Embryology
Complete development of an individual from fertilization to death
Developmental biology
Cellular structure and functions
Cell biology
Microscopic structure of tissues
Histology
Structures that can be examined without a microscope
Gross Anatomy
Structure of specific system of the body
(eg. nervous system, respiratory system)
systematic anatomy
specific regions of the body such as head or chest
Regional Anatomy
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpitation (eg. gentle touch)
Surface anatomy
Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease
Pathological Anatomy
Branches of Anatomy
(9 items)
Embryology
Developmental biology
Cell Biology
Histology
Gross anatomy
Systematic anatomy
Regional anatomy
Surface anatomy
Imaging Anatomy
Pathological Anatomy
Branches of Physiology
(9 items)
Molecular Physiology
Neurophysiology
Endocrinology
Cardiovascular physiology
immunology
Respiratory physiology
Renal physiology
Exercise physiology
Pathophysiology
Functional changes associated with diseases and aging
Pathophysiology
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
Exercise physiology
Functions of the kidneys
Renal physiology
Functions of the air passageways and lungs
Respiratory physiology
The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents
immunology
Functions of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular physiology
Hormones and how they control body functions
Endocrinology
Functional properties of the nerve cells
Neurophysiology
Function of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA
Molecular physiology
Function of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA
Molecular physiology
The basic level can be compared to the
letters of the alphabet and includes: Atoms and molecules
Chemical Level
the smallest units of
matter that participate in
chemical reactions
Atoms
Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of
chemicals
smallest living units in the body
Cellular Level
Tissues of groups of cells and the
materials surrounding them that work
together to perform a particular function.
Tissue Level
4 basic types of tissues:
Epithelial tissue:
Connective tissue:
Muscular tissue:
Nervous tissue:
carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
Nervous tissue:
Organs are structures that are
composed of 2 or more different types of
tissues; they have specific functions and
recognizable shapes
- Organ level
A system consists of related organs with common functions
System Level
A system consists of related organs with common functions
System Level
All the parts of the human body
functioning together constitute the total
organism
- Organism level
protect body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D,
detects sensation, stores fat, and provide
insulation
- Integumentary System
supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body
movements, houses cells that produce blood
cells, store minerals and lipids (fats)
- Skeletal System
generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in
body’s internal and external environment,
interprets, changes, and responds through
muscular contractions or glandular secretions
- Nervous System
regulate body activities (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or
tissue to target organ)
- Endocrine System
heart pumps blood through blood vessels,
blood carries oxygens and nutrients, defend
against disease, and repair damaged blood
vessels
Cardiovascular System
returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, contains B
cells and T cells that protect against disease
causing microbes
- Lymphatic System and Immunity
transfer oxygen to inhaled air and carbon
dioxide to exhaled, vocal cords produces
sounds, regulate acid-base balance of body
fluids
- Respiratory System
Production of sex cells
Reproductive System
Regulated ph
removes excess water
Urinary System
sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Metabolism
breakdown of complex chemical
substances into smaller components
catabolism
building up of complex chemical
substances from smaller, simpler
components
anabolism
body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
Responsiveness
T or F
Internal environment
▪ within the body (fever)
▪ refers to the extracellular fluid that surrounds body cells
External environment
▪ outside the body (turning head toward the squealing sound)
True
includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny structures in the cell
Movement
increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, increase in number of cells, or both
Growth
the development of cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
Differentiation
formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement, or the production of new individual
Reproduction
Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
o the maintenance of relatively stable condition in the body’s internal environment
Homeostasis
o fluid within cells
- Intracellular fluid (ICF)
o fluid outside body cells
- Extracellular fluid (ECF)
the ECF that fills the narrow between cells of tissues
ECF within blood vessels is termed blood plasma
Interstitial fluid
the body regulate its internal environment
through many
Feedback systems
the monitored variable such as
temperature, blood pressure, or blood
glucose level
o Controlled condition (controlled variable)
any disruption that changes a
controlled condition
Stimulus
body structure that monitors the
changes in a controlled condition and
sends input to a control center
Receptor
- Factors in homeostatic balance
the environment and your own behavior
your genetic makeup
the air you breathe, the food you eat, and even the thoughts you think
any abnormality of structure or function
Disorder
any abnormality of structure or function
Disorder
a more specific term of an illness
characterized by a recognizable set of
signs and symptoms
Disease
affects one part or a
limited region of the body
local disease
affects entire
body or several parts of it
systemic disease
subjective changes in
body functions that are not apparent
to an observer
symptoms
objective changes that a
clinician can observe and measure
signs
the science that deals
with why, when, and where disease
occur and how they are transmitted
epidemiology
science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
pharmacology
