Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Appy L

T or F
The cardiovascular system is a Closed system of the heart and blood vessels, Deliver oxygen and nutrients, and does not remove carbon dioxide and other waste product

FALSE
The cardiovascular system is a Closed system of the heart and blood vessels, Deliver oxygen and nutrients, and does remove carbon dioxide and other waste product

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What is the passageway of blood that carries nutrients?

Blood Vessels

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The amount of blood pumped per minute of blood vessels
approximately __?

amount of blood pumped per minute:
approximately 5 to 6 Liters

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metabolism of the Cardiac Muscle:
▪ Rich in ______: short-term source of stored energy for aerobic respiration
▪ Rich in ______: stored energy

metabolism of the Cardiac Muscle:
▪ Rich in myoglobin: short-term source of stored energy for aerobic respiration
▪ Rich in glycogen: stored energy

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BV energy sources at rest:

60% fatty acids
35% glucose
5% ketones, lactic acids, and amino acid

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The heart is located at?

Thorax, between the lungs in the inferior
mediastinum

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The heart’s orientation is?

Triangular-shaped/ Inverted triangle
o Apex: pointed toward the left hip
o Base: pointed toward the right shoulder

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Size of Heart?

about the size of the human fist
o 9 cm (3.5 in) Wide at the base
o 13 cm (5 in) from the base to the apex
o 6 cm (2.5 in) from the anteroposterior at the
thickest point

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T or F
Weight - about 300g (10 oz)
* Interventricular sulcus - separates the ventricles of the heart
* Septum - heart divider

TRUE

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T or F
Weight - about 300g (10 oz)
* Interventricular sulcus - separates the ventricles of the heart
* Septum - heart divider

TRUE

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T or F
It is normal for the heart to have fat, too much fat can restrict
the pumping of the heart

TRUE

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Coverings of the heart (enumerate)

Pericardium:-> Parietal pericardium: -> Serous layer -> Visceral pericardium -> Heart Wall

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Heart Wall

Epicardium-> Myocardium-> Endocardium-> Ventricles

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receiving chambers (left and right)

Atria (L/R atrium)

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receiving chambers (left and right)

Atria (L/R atrium)

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are the ones that push the blood towards the lungs (right) and towards the system (left)

Ventricles

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allow blood to flow in one direction

Valves

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Atrioventricular valves (2)

Tricuspid valve (right)
Bicuspid valve (left or mitral valve from the word “miter”)

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has two flaps, found in between the left atrium and the left ventricle (named mitral valve because of its similar appearance to the hat of a bishop)

Bicuspid valve (left or mitral valve from the
word “miter”)

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has three flaps, found in between the
right atrium and right ventricle

Tricuspid valve (right)

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T or F
Open valve

Relaxed – papillary muscle
Slack – chordae tendineae
Open – valve

TRUE

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T or F
Closed valves
Relaxed– papillary muscle
Taut- chordae tendineae
Closed – valve

FALSE
Closed valves
Contracted – papillary muscle
Taut- chordae tendineae
Closed – valve

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determinants of the valve whether it would open or close
___ between ventricles and atria is inversely proportional

Pressure

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provides rigid attachment of the cardiac muscle
* plate of connective tissue, consists mainly of fibrous rings
that surrounds the AV and semilunar valves

Cardiac skeleton or fibrous skeleton

T or F Artery: away from the lungs Veins: towards the heart

FALSE Artery: away from the heart Veins: towards the heart

Artery: (2 types, examples)

- Aorta: ascending, descending, arch of Aorta, leaves the left ventricle - Pulmonary Artery: right and left, leaves the right ventricle

Veins: (2 types, examples)

- Vena Cava: Superior Vena Cava and Inferior - Vena Cava, enter the right atrium - Pulmonary Veins: Right (Superior and Inferior), Left (Superior and Inferior), enter the left atrium

T or F Coronary arteries: oxygenated Cardiac veins: deoxygenated

TRUE

branch of the circumflex branch but is considered to be a branch of the left coronary artery in some books

Left (Obtuse) marginal artery

Coronary Veins

- Great cardiac vein on left atrium - Middle cardiac vein - Small cardiac vein on right ventricle - Anterior cardiac vein on right atrium

drain blood from the cardiac muscle * parallel to the coronary arteries * most drain blood into the coronary sinus * from the coronary sinus into the right atrium

Cardiac Veins

takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lung alveoli to the left atrium. It allows blood to be oxygenated for systemic circulation.

Pulmonary Circuit

circulated blood to the systems of the body

Systemic Circuit

The first 3 parts of the heart where deoxygenated blood enters

Deoxygenated blood: Inferior Vena Cava, Superior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus

When does the Interatrial septum begins to develop that unites with the endocardial cushion that leads to the development of: Foramen ovale?

28th day of gestation

the fossa ovalis is a remain of what?

Foramen ovale

▪ Allows most blood entering the right atrium into the left atrium ▪ After birth, it closes and leaves a remnant called fossa ovalis

Foramen ovale

What is Stroke volume? and how many mL/beat?

Volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction 70mL/beat

Term used when increased heart rate + how many bpm ▪ as a compensation for a drop-in stroke volume ▪ lost great amount of blood → damage to myocardium

Tachycardia (>100 bpm)

Term used when decreased heart rate + how many bpm? ▪ during sleep and endurance training ▪ hypothermia

Bradycardia (>60 bpm)

Cardiac output

Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min - 5L/min - Cardiac output equals stroke volume times heart rate - CO = SV*HR

Starling’s Law of the Heart

the more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

Increased heart rate can be caused by

sympathetic nervous system - crisis (emotional, physical, etc.) - low Blood Pressure - hormones ▪ Epinephrine ▪ Thyroxine - exercise

Breathing problems: (2)

Bradypnea = slow breathing Tachypnea = fast breathing

Decreasing heart rate may be caused by:

parasympathetic nervous system - high Blood Pressure or blood volume - decreased venous return

Taking blood to the tissues and back

Blood Vwessels

Theses are considered as blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries → gas exchange Venules Veins

Bradycardia CAN OCCUR DURING?

during sleep and endurance training

drop in SV may indicate or cause by?

Tachycardia

pressure wave of blood monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated

Pulse

T or F Adrenomedullary hormones – increase HR Thyroid Hormones – increase HR

TRUE

t OR f Calcium ions – DIASTOLIC Potassium ions – SYSTOLIC

FALSE Calcium ions – systolic o Potassium ions – diastolic

T or F Heat – increased activity in AV node – an increase in HR Cold – decrease activity in AV node – a decrease of HR

FALSE Heat – increase activity in SA node – an increase of HR Cold – decrease activity in SA node – decrease of HR

Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System Fourth week: End of seven weeks: Seventh:

Fourth week: tube heart End of seven weeks: four chambers of the heart Seventh: Few changes to the structure of the heart

- due to the decrease in blood supply to the heart - coronary arteries are narrowed for some reason

Coronary Heart Disease

- due to the closure of one or more coronary artery - area (s) of cardiac muscle lacking adequate blood supply die, and scars (infarct)

Myocardial Infarction

HEART ATTACK AKA?

Myocardial Infarction

Heart Procedures What is Angioplasty,Stent,Bypass?

Angioplasty - opens blocked blood vessels Stent - structures inserted to keep vessels open Bypass - reroutes blood away from blocked arteries