Special Senses

Question 1

____ are volatile molecules dissolved in mucus, detected by chemoreceptors

Answer 1

odorants

Question 2

T/F: olfactory epithelium is a sensory receptor organ

Answer 2

True

Question 3

what are the 3 types of cells of the olfactory epithelium

Answer 3

• olfactory receptor cells
• supporting cells
• basal cells

Question 4

____ is the areolar connective tissue layer that houses blood vessels, nerves, and olfactory glands

Answer 4

lamina propria

Question 5

_______ helps to form mucous covering olfactory epithelium

Answer 5

olfactory (bowman) glands

Question 6

what are the primary neurons in the sensory pathway for smell

Answer 6

olfactory receptor cells

Question 7

_______ houses chemoreceptors for a specific odorant

Answer 7

olfactory hairs

Question 8

T/F: Perceived smell depends on which cells are stimulated

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Olfactory sensation begins when an odorant binds to ________, which then stimulates the receptor cell

Answer 9

odorant-binding proteins

Question 10

_____ in receptor cell activates _____ and converts ATP to cAMP

Answer 10

• G-protein

- adenylate cyclase

Question 11

cAMP leads to the opening of _______ channels for ____ and _____.

Answer 11

• ligand-gated channels

- Na and Ca

Question 12

In olfaction, a secondary neuron conducts signals to various CNS areas such as ____, _____, and ____

Answer 12

• cortex (perceive, identify smell
• hypothalamus (visceral rxn to smell)
• amygdala (smell recognition, emotional rxn)

Question 13

In olfaction, the opening of ion channels for Na2+ and Ca2+ allow for _____ and an action potential is conducted to the _____

Answer 13

• depolarization

- glomerulus

Question 14

____ papillae are short & spiked and help to manipulate food. They are located on _____

Answer 14

• Filiform

- anterior 2/3 of tongue

Question 15

T/F: Filiform papillae have tastebuds

Answer 15

False - Filiform have no taste buds and have no role in gustation

Question 16

____ papillae are mushroom-shaped and have a few taste buds. They are located on the ____

Answer 16

• Fungiform

- tip and sides of tongue

Question 17

____ papillae are large and the least numerous, but contain most of the tastebuds. They are located on _____

Answer 17

• Vallate (circumvallate) pupillae

- posterior dorsal tongue surface, in row of 10-12

Question 18

____ papillae are not well developed and house a few tastebuds in early childhood. They are located on _____

Answer 18

• Foliate

- posterior lateral tongue

Question 19

how many days to gustatory cells typically live for

Answer 19

7-9 days

Question 20

___ extends thru the taste pore to the tongue surface and forms the dendritic ending

Answer 20

Microvillus

Question 21

olfactory receptor cells are replaced by basal cells every _____ days

Answer 21

40-60

Question 22

what are the 5 basic taste sensations? what are they produced by/associated with?

Answer 22

• sweet (organic compounds)
• salty (metal ions)
• sour (acids)
• bitter (alkaloids)
• umami (amino acids)

Question 23

The tastants are moecules for which tastes?

Answer 23

sweet, bitter, umami

Question 24

The tastants are ions for which tastes?

Answer 24

sour, salty

Question 25

Depolarized gustatory cells release neurotransmitters stimulating primary neuron in CN____ and CN____

Answer 25

CN VII | CN IX

Question 26

In distance vision, the lens is _____. | In near vision, the lens is _____.

Answer 26

- flattened | - thickened

Question 27

In ____, the focal plane is focused behind the eye

Answer 27

hyperopia

Question 28

In ____, the focal plane sits in front of the retina

Answer 28

myopia

Question 29

what happens in the near response

Answer 29

- convergence of eyes - accommodation - constriction of pupil

Question 30

in accommodation of the lens, does the refraction increase or decrease

Answer 30

increase

Question 31

what happens in the far response

Answer 31

- eyes forward (no convergence) - lens is flattened - pupil is relatively dilated

Question 32

Many rods converge on fewer bipolar cells, which converge on fewer _____. This results in sensitivity to dim light but a _____ image

Answer 32

- ganglion cells | - blurry

Question 33

______ have a 1:1 relationship with bipolar cells and ganglion cells. This results in a ____ image, but only in bright light

Answer 33

- Cones | - Sharp

Question 34

Photopigments are made of ____ protein and light absorbing ____ (made form vitamin A)

Answer 34

- opsin | - retinal

Question 35

T/F: Each photoreceptor has 2 photopigment types.

Answer 35

False - Each photoreceptor has only one photopigment type.

Question 36

Blue cones detect ___ wavelengths

Answer 36

short

Question 37

green cones absorb ____ wavelengths

Answer 37

intermediate

Question 38

red cones best detect ___ wavelengths

Answer 38

long

Question 39

which regeneration process is faster - rhodopsin or photopsin

Answer 39

photopsin | light adaptation - low light to bright

Question 40

in dark adaptation, bleached rods must regenerate ___

Answer 40

rhodopsin

Question 41

how long does it take to to have return of sensitivity to low light levels after bright light

Answer 41

20-30 minutes

Question 42

how long is the process of adjusting from low light to bright conditions? what is this process called

Answer 42

- 5-10 minutes | - Light adapation

Question 43

what neurotransmitter causes inhibition of bipoloar cells in phototransduction

Answer 43

glutamate

Question 44

in phototransduction, what binds to cation channels and keeps them open

Answer 44

cGMP

Question 45

in phototransduction, how does hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cell occur

Answer 45

- light splits rhodopsin (into opsin and cis retinal) - phosphodiesterase activated and breaks down cGMP - cGMP-gated cation channels close - Na and Ca stop entering cell (more negative)

Question 46

In hearing, fluid pressure waves in scala vestibuli push the vestibular membrane, causing pressure waves in ______

Answer 46

endolymph of cochlear duct

Question 47

distortion of hair cells causes changes in ____ release

Answer 47

neurotransmitter

Question 48

how does depolarization of hair cells occur

Answer 48

- basilar membrane moves up = hair cells pushed into tectorial membrane - tip are tilted, pulling tip links - tip links pull open channels allowing K+ in

Question 49

what frequency can humans hear

Answer 49

20-20,000 Hz

Question 50

High-frequency sounds excite cells in the ___ basilar membrane near the ____

Answer 50

- stiff | - oval window

Question 51

low-frequency sounds excite cells in ____ basilar membrane near the ____

Answer 51

- flexible | - apex

Question 52

___ sounds create larger movements of basilar membrane, which causes a faster rate of nerve signals and a larger number of stimulated cells

Answer 52

Louder

Question 53

which area of the brain interprets loudness

Answer 53

auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

Question 54

what do the utricle and saccule duct detect

Answer 54

- static equilibrium | - linear acceleration

Question 55

what do the semicircular ducts detect

Answer 55

angular acceleration

Question 56

what happens to hair cells when the macula is horizontal

Answer 56

cilia of hair cells are not bent

Question 57

what happens to cilia of hair cells when macula is vertical

Answer 57

cilia is bent d/t pull of gravity from gelatinous mass => stimulates hair cell to form impulses

Question 58

T/F: Our awareness of static equilibrium results when the impulses from hair cells are made

Answer 58

False -- Awareness of static equilibrium results when the impulses are interpreted by the brain

Question 59

T/F: The cilia in the maculae are not stimulated equally with any given linear movement or head position

Answer 59

True

Question 60

awareness of rotational equilibrium results from the ____ interpreting the pattern of action potentials it receives.

Answer 60

cerebrum