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Phys/Pathophys I > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

____ are volatile molecules dissolved in mucus, detected by chemoreceptors

A

odorants

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2
Q

T/F: olfactory epithelium is a sensory receptor organ

A

True

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of cells of the olfactory epithelium

A
  • olfactory receptor cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
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4
Q

____ is the areolar connective tissue layer that houses blood vessels, nerves, and olfactory glands

A

lamina propria

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5
Q

_______ helps to form mucous covering olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory (bowman) glands

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6
Q

what are the primary neurons in the sensory pathway for smell

A

olfactory receptor cells

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7
Q

_______ houses chemoreceptors for a specific odorant

A

olfactory hairs

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8
Q

T/F: Perceived smell depends on which cells are stimulated

A

True

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9
Q

Olfactory sensation begins when an odorant binds to ________, which then stimulates the receptor cell

A

odorant-binding proteins

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10
Q

_____ in receptor cell activates _____ and converts ATP to cAMP

A
  • G-protein

- adenylate cyclase

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11
Q

cAMP leads to the opening of _______ channels for ____ and _____.

A
  • ligand-gated channels

- Na and Ca

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12
Q

In olfaction, a secondary neuron conducts signals to various CNS areas such as ____, _____, and ____

A
  • cortex (perceive, identify smell
  • hypothalamus (visceral rxn to smell)
  • amygdala (smell recognition, emotional rxn)
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13
Q

In olfaction, the opening of ion channels for Na2+ and Ca2+ allow for _____ and an action potential is conducted to the _____

A
  • depolarization

- glomerulus

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14
Q

____ papillae are short & spiked and help to manipulate food. They are located on _____

A
  • Filiform

- anterior 2/3 of tongue

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15
Q

T/F: Filiform papillae have tastebuds

A

False - Filiform have no taste buds and have no role in gustation

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16
Q

____ papillae are mushroom-shaped and have a few taste buds. They are located on the ____

A
  • Fungiform

- tip and sides of tongue

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17
Q

____ papillae are large and the least numerous, but contain most of the tastebuds. They are located on _____

A
  • Vallate (circumvallate) pupillae

- posterior dorsal tongue surface, in row of 10-12

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18
Q

____ papillae are not well developed and house a few tastebuds in early childhood. They are located on _____

A
  • Foliate

- posterior lateral tongue

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19
Q

how many days to gustatory cells typically live for

A

7-9 days

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20
Q

___ extends thru the taste pore to the tongue surface and forms the dendritic ending

A

Microvillus

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21
Q

olfactory receptor cells are replaced by basal cells every _____ days

A

40-60

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22
Q

what are the 5 basic taste sensations? what are they produced by/associated with?

A
  • sweet (organic compounds)
  • salty (metal ions)
  • sour (acids)
  • bitter (alkaloids)
  • umami (amino acids)
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23
Q

The tastants are moecules for which tastes?

A

sweet, bitter, umami

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24
Q

The tastants are ions for which tastes?

A

sour, salty

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25
Q

Depolarized gustatory cells release neurotransmitters stimulating primary neuron in CN____ and CN____

A

CN VII

CN IX

26
Q

In distance vision, the lens is _____.

In near vision, the lens is _____.

A
  • flattened

- thickened

27
Q

In ____, the focal plane is focused behind the eye

A

hyperopia

28
Q

In ____, the focal plane sits in front of the retina

A

myopia

29
Q

what happens in the near response

A
  • convergence of eyes
  • accommodation
  • constriction of pupil
30
Q

in accommodation of the lens, does the refraction increase or decrease

A

increase

31
Q

what happens in the far response

A
  • eyes forward (no convergence)
  • lens is flattened
  • pupil is relatively dilated
32
Q

Many rods converge on fewer bipolar cells, which converge on fewer _____. This results in sensitivity to dim light but a _____ image

A
  • ganglion cells

- blurry

33
Q

______ have a 1:1 relationship with bipolar cells and ganglion cells. This results in a ____ image, but only in bright light

A
  • Cones

- Sharp

34
Q

Photopigments are made of ____ protein and light absorbing ____ (made form vitamin A)

A
  • opsin

- retinal

35
Q

T/F: Each photoreceptor has 2 photopigment types.

A

False - Each photoreceptor has only one photopigment type.

36
Q

Blue cones detect ___ wavelengths

A

short

37
Q

green cones absorb ____ wavelengths

A

intermediate

38
Q

red cones best detect ___ wavelengths

A

long

39
Q

which regeneration process is faster - rhodopsin or photopsin

A

photopsin

light adaptation - low light to bright

40
Q

in dark adaptation, bleached rods must regenerate ___

A

rhodopsin

41
Q

how long does it take to to have return of sensitivity to low light levels after bright light

A

20-30 minutes

42
Q

how long is the process of adjusting from low light to bright conditions?
what is this process called

A
  • 5-10 minutes

- Light adapation

43
Q

what neurotransmitter causes inhibition of bipoloar cells in phototransduction

A

glutamate

44
Q

in phototransduction, what binds to cation channels and keeps them open

A

cGMP

45
Q

in phototransduction, how does hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cell occur

A
  • light splits rhodopsin (into opsin and cis retinal)
  • phosphodiesterase activated and breaks down cGMP
  • cGMP-gated cation channels close
  • Na and Ca stop entering cell (more negative)
46
Q

In hearing, fluid pressure waves in scala vestibuli push the vestibular membrane, causing pressure waves in ______

A

endolymph of cochlear duct

47
Q

distortion of hair cells causes changes in ____ release

A

neurotransmitter

48
Q

how does depolarization of hair cells occur

A
  • basilar membrane moves up = hair cells pushed into tectorial membrane
  • tip are tilted, pulling tip links
  • tip links pull open channels allowing K+ in
49
Q

what frequency can humans hear

A

20-20,000 Hz

50
Q

High-frequency sounds excite cells in the ___ basilar membrane near the ____

A
  • stiff

- oval window

51
Q

low-frequency sounds excite cells in ____ basilar membrane near the ____

A
  • flexible

- apex

52
Q

___ sounds create larger movements of basilar membrane, which causes a faster rate of nerve signals and a larger number of stimulated cells

A

Louder

53
Q

which area of the brain interprets loudness

A

auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

54
Q

what do the utricle and saccule duct detect

A
  • static equilibrium

- linear acceleration

55
Q

what do the semicircular ducts detect

A

angular acceleration

56
Q

what happens to hair cells when the macula is horizontal

A

cilia of hair cells are not bent

57
Q

what happens to cilia of hair cells when macula is vertical

A

cilia is bent d/t pull of gravity from gelatinous mass => stimulates hair cell to form impulses

58
Q

T/F: Our awareness of static equilibrium results when the impulses from hair cells are made

A

False – Awareness of static equilibrium results when the impulses are interpreted by the brain

59
Q

T/F: The cilia in the maculae are not stimulated equally with any given linear movement or head position

A

True

60
Q

awareness of rotational equilibrium results from the ____ interpreting the pattern of action potentials it receives.

A

cerebrum

Phys/Pathophys I (11 decks)

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