Endocrine

Question 1

how does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system

speed, duration, messenger, target?

Answer 1

endocrine is:

• slower
• longer lasting
• involves hormones as messenger
• larger target (bloodstream)

Question 2

what are the major endocrine glands

Answer 2

• pituitary gland
• pineal gland
• thyroid gland
• adrenal gland
• testes

Question 3

what are the types of stimulus causing hormone release

Answer 3

• humoral
• hormonal
• neural

Question 4

what kind of stimulation depends on particle concentration in blood

Answer 4

humoral

Question 5

which stimulation depends on regulation from negative feedback

Answer 5

hormonal

Question 6

which stimulation involves action potentials

Answer 6

neural

Question 7

Steroids are ____ soluble, formed from ____, and are secreted by the _____ & _____

Answer 7

• lipid
• cholesterol
• adrenal cortex & gonads

Question 8

Peptides are ____ soluble and consist of _____

Answer 8

• water

- aa chains

Question 9

polypeptide hormone examples

Answer 9

• insulin

- glucagon

Question 10

glycoprotein hormones

Answer 10

• FSH

- TSH

Question 11

Biogenic Amines are ___ soluble, derived from _____ that are modified

Answer 11

• water

- amino acid chains

Question 12

how are peptide hormones synthesized

Answer 12

DNA (nucleus) > mRNA (ribo) > Preprohormone (ER) > Prohormone (golgi) > hormone in secretory vesicle storage

Question 13

what do local “hormones” act on? example?

Answer 13

act on self (autocrine signaling) and neightboring cells (paracrine signaling)

Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thrombozanes, leukotrienes)

Question 14

what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone

Answer 14

the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

Question 15

releasing hormones are produced in neurons in the hypothalamus. they are stored in vesicle inside the cells until they are released. what does this suggest about chemical nature of releasing hormones?

Answer 15

they’re most likely peptides

Question 16

T/F: hydrophilic hormones require a transport protein to travel in blood

Answer 16

False

Question 17

which hormones are lipid soluble

Answer 17

steroids

Question 18

which hormones are water soluble

Answer 18

peptides, biogenic amines

Question 19

variation of target cell response depends on what factors:

Answer 19

• # of receptors up/down regulated by target cell
• # of circulating hormones
• half life of hormone
• strength of hormone-receptor binding

Question 20

____ effect is when hormones work together to produce a greater effect

Answer 20

Synergistic

Question 21

examples of hormones that have synergistic effect

Answer 21

epinephrine and glucagon

Question 22

_____ effect is when the first hormone allows action of a second hormone

Answer 22

Permissive

Question 23

examples of hormones that have permissive effects

Answer 23

thyroid hormone & epinephrine

Question 24

____ effect is when one hormones causes the opposite effect of another. Most are humoraly regulated

Answer 24

Antagonistic

Question 25

hormones that have antagonistic effect are

Answer 25

insulin and glucagon

Question 26

which hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and are stored/released from the neurohypophysis

Answer 26

- oxytocin | - ADH

Question 27

releasing hormone and inhibiting hormones are produced and released from the

Answer 27

hypothalamus

Question 28

glycogenolysis

Answer 28

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Question 29

gluconeogenesis

Answer 29

making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (ie amino acids)

Question 30

glycogenesis

Answer 30

making glycogen (to store excess glucose)

Question 31

lipolysis

Answer 31

breakdown of triglycerides | into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 32

lipogenesis

Answer 32

formation of triglycerides | from glycerol and fatty acids

Question 33

what cells of the thyroid gland produces calcium

Answer 33

parafollicular cells (C cells)

Question 34

the adrenal gland receives blood from

Answer 34

- celiac trunk - phrenic artery - inferior suprarenal artery

Question 35

the adrenal medulla contains ____ tissue made up of ____ cells

Answer 35

- neural | - chromaffin cells

Question 36

neural tissue of the medulla is stimulated by SNS and releases _____

Answer 36

epi and NE as hormones

Question 37

zona glomerulosa secrete _____ (such as ____) ... effect?

Answer 37

- mineralocorticoids - such as aldosterone - regulate BP & electrolyte homeostasis

Question 38

zona fasciculata secretes ____ (such as ____) ... effect?

Answer 38

- glucocorticoids - cortisol - regulate stress response, immune system, metabolism

Question 39

zona reticularis secretes ____ (such as ____) ... effect?

Answer 39

- gonadocorticoids - androgens - converts to sex steroids

Question 40

cholecalciferol (aka ____) is obtained via

Answer 40

- Vitamin D3 - diet (food and milk) - made after conversion of precursor molecule + UV light

Question 41

Vit D3 (cholecalciferol) in converted to ____ by liver enzymes. This is an ____ form.

Answer 41

- calcidiol | - inactive

Question 42

Calcidiol is converted to ____ by the kidneys. ___ increases the rate of this.

Answer 42

- calcitriol | - PTH

Question 43

what happens to calcitriol in the small intestine

Answer 43

it stimulates Ca2+ absorption into the blood

Question 44

if plasma Ca2+ increases, what happens to PTH

Answer 44

PTH decreases

Question 45

what hormone stimulates endometrium growth, secondary sex characteristics, and development of fetus?

Answer 45

estrogen (estradiol)

Question 46

what hormone is involved with nutrient enrichment, pregnancy, and smooth muscle relaxation

Answer 46

progesterone

Question 47

what hormone has selective inhibition of FSH

Answer 47

inhibin

Question 48

what hormones involves secondary sex characteristics, sperm development, and sex organ development

Answer 48

testosterone

Question 49

is pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland

Answer 49

both - endo = insulin and glucagon - exo = digestive enzymes

Question 50

which pancreatic islet cells produce insulin? | ... and glucagon?

Answer 50

- insulin = beta cells | - glucagon = alpha cells

Question 51

what happens in the alarm phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 51

1. mobilize glucose reserves 2. change in circulation 3. increase in HR and RR 4. increase in energy use by all cells

Question 52

which hormones are key in the alarm phase

Answer 52

- GH - glucocorticoids - ACTH - mineralocorticoids - ADH

Question 53

what happens in the Resistance phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 53

1. mobilize remaining reserves (lipids released by adipose; AA released by muscle) 2. Conserve glucose in periphery (lipolysis) 3. elevate blood glucose (lipogenesis and lipolysis) 4. conserve Na + H2O / Lose K+ and H+

Question 54

the link between the immune system and stress is that macrophages produce IL-1 that stimulates _____

Answer 54

ACTH

Question 55

what happens during the exhaustion phase

Answer 55

K+ depletion - exhaustion of lipid reserves - inability to produce glucocorticoids - electrolyte imbalance - structural or functional damage to organs

Question 56

protein anabolism

Answer 56

synthesis of protein | from aa's

Question 57

protein catabolism

Answer 57

breakdown of protein | to aa's

Question 58

Addison's disease

Answer 58

deficient production of cortisol (and aldosterone)

Question 59

Addison's disease Sx

Answer 59

- weight loss - low blood glucose - chronic fatigue - muscle weakness - loss of appetite

Question 60

Cushing's disease

Answer 60

excess cortisol | from adrenal or from increase in ACTH from pituitary tumor

Question 61

Sx of Cushing's disease

Answer 61

- hyperglycemia - break down of muscle and bone into protein - water and salt retention (increase in BP) - redistribution of fat - prone to infections and poor healing