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Phys/Pathophys I > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

how does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system

speed, duration, messenger, target?

A

endocrine is:

  • slower
  • longer lasting
  • involves hormones as messenger
  • larger target (bloodstream)
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2
Q

what are the major endocrine glands

A
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
  • testes
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3
Q

what are the types of stimulus causing hormone release

A
  • humoral
  • hormonal
  • neural
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4
Q

what kind of stimulation depends on particle concentration in blood

A

humoral

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5
Q

which stimulation depends on regulation from negative feedback

A

hormonal

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6
Q

which stimulation involves action potentials

A

neural

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7
Q

Steroids are ____ soluble, formed from ____, and are secreted by the _____ & _____

A
  • lipid
  • cholesterol
  • adrenal cortex & gonads
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8
Q

Peptides are ____ soluble and consist of _____

A
  • water

- aa chains

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9
Q

polypeptide hormone examples

A
  • insulin

- glucagon

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10
Q

glycoprotein hormones

A
  • FSH

- TSH

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11
Q

Biogenic Amines are ___ soluble, derived from _____ that are modified

A
  • water

- amino acid chains

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12
Q

how are peptide hormones synthesized

A

DNA (nucleus) > mRNA (ribo) > Preprohormone (ER) > Prohormone (golgi) > hormone in secretory vesicle storage

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13
Q

what do local “hormones” act on? example?

A

act on self (autocrine signaling) and neightboring cells (paracrine signaling)

Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thrombozanes, leukotrienes)

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14
Q

what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone

A

the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

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15
Q

releasing hormones are produced in neurons in the hypothalamus. they are stored in vesicle inside the cells until they are released. what does this suggest about chemical nature of releasing hormones?

A

they’re most likely peptides

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16
Q

T/F: hydrophilic hormones require a transport protein to travel in blood

A

False

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17
Q

which hormones are lipid soluble

A

steroids

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18
Q

which hormones are water soluble

A

peptides, biogenic amines

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19
Q

variation of target cell response depends on what factors:

A
  • # of receptors up/down regulated by target cell
  • # of circulating hormones
  • half life of hormone
  • strength of hormone-receptor binding
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20
Q

____ effect is when hormones work together to produce a greater effect

A

Synergistic

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21
Q

examples of hormones that have synergistic effect

A

epinephrine and glucagon

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22
Q

_____ effect is when the first hormone allows action of a second hormone

A

Permissive

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23
Q

examples of hormones that have permissive effects

A

thyroid hormone & epinephrine

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24
Q

____ effect is when one hormones causes the opposite effect of another. Most are humoraly regulated

A

Antagonistic

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25
Q

hormones that have antagonistic effect are

A

insulin and glucagon

26
Q

which hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and are stored/released from the neurohypophysis

A
  • oxytocin

- ADH

27
Q

releasing hormone and inhibiting hormones are produced and released from the

A

hypothalamus

28
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

29
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (ie amino acids)

30
Q

glycogenesis

A

making glycogen (to store excess glucose)

31
Q

lipolysis

A

breakdown of triglycerides

into glycerol and fatty acids

32
Q

lipogenesis

A

formation of triglycerides

from glycerol and fatty acids

33
Q

what cells of the thyroid gland produces calcium

A

parafollicular cells (C cells)

34
Q

the adrenal gland receives blood from

A
  • celiac trunk
  • phrenic artery
  • inferior suprarenal artery
35
Q

the adrenal medulla contains ____ tissue made up of ____ cells

A
  • neural

- chromaffin cells

36
Q

neural tissue of the medulla is stimulated by SNS and releases _____

A

epi and NE as hormones

37
Q

zona glomerulosa secrete _____ (such as ____)

… effect?

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • such as aldosterone
  • regulate BP & electrolyte homeostasis
38
Q

zona fasciculata secretes ____ (such as ____)

… effect?

A
  • glucocorticoids
  • cortisol
  • regulate stress response, immune system, metabolism
39
Q

zona reticularis secretes ____ (such as ____)

… effect?

A
  • gonadocorticoids
  • androgens
  • converts to sex steroids
40
Q

cholecalciferol (aka ____) is obtained via

A
  • Vitamin D3
  • diet (food and milk)
  • made after conversion of precursor molecule + UV light
41
Q

Vit D3 (cholecalciferol) in converted to ____ by liver enzymes. This is an ____ form.

A
  • calcidiol

- inactive

42
Q

Calcidiol is converted to ____ by the kidneys. ___ increases the rate of this.

A
  • calcitriol

- PTH

43
Q

what happens to calcitriol in the small intestine

A

it stimulates Ca2+ absorption into the blood

44
Q

if plasma Ca2+ increases, what happens to PTH

A

PTH decreases

45
Q

what hormone stimulates endometrium growth, secondary sex characteristics, and development of fetus?

A

estrogen (estradiol)

46
Q

what hormone is involved with nutrient enrichment, pregnancy, and smooth muscle relaxation

A

progesterone

47
Q

what hormone has selective inhibition of FSH

A

inhibin

48
Q

what hormones involves secondary sex characteristics, sperm development, and sex organ development

A

testosterone

49
Q

is pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland

A

both

  • endo = insulin and glucagon
  • exo = digestive enzymes
50
Q

which pancreatic islet cells produce insulin?

… and glucagon?

A
  • insulin = beta cells

- glucagon = alpha cells

51
Q

what happens in the alarm phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A
  1. mobilize glucose reserves
  2. change in circulation
  3. increase in HR and RR
  4. increase in energy use by all cells
52
Q

which hormones are key in the alarm phase

A
  • GH
  • glucocorticoids
  • ACTH
  • mineralocorticoids
  • ADH
53
Q

what happens in the Resistance phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A
  1. mobilize remaining reserves (lipids released by adipose; AA released by muscle)
  2. Conserve glucose in periphery (lipolysis)
  3. elevate blood glucose (lipogenesis and lipolysis)
  4. conserve Na + H2O / Lose K+ and H+
54
Q

the link between the immune system and stress is that macrophages produce IL-1 that stimulates _____

A

ACTH

55
Q

what happens during the exhaustion phase

A

K+ depletion

  • exhaustion of lipid reserves
  • inability to produce glucocorticoids
  • electrolyte imbalance
  • structural or functional damage to organs
56
Q

protein anabolism

A

synthesis of protein

from aa’s

57
Q

protein catabolism

A

breakdown of protein

to aa’s

58
Q

Addison’s disease

A

deficient production of cortisol (and aldosterone)

59
Q

Addison’s disease Sx

A
  • weight loss
  • low blood glucose
  • chronic fatigue
  • muscle weakness
  • loss of appetite
60
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

excess cortisol

from adrenal or from increase in ACTH from pituitary tumor

61
Q

Sx of Cushing’s disease

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • break down of muscle and bone into protein
  • water and salt retention (increase in BP)
  • redistribution of fat
  • prone to infections and poor healing

Phys/Pathophys I (11 decks)

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