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Phys/Pathophys I > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

3 general function of CNS?

A
  • Collects information
  • Processes evaluates information from CNS
  • Initiates response
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2
Q

2 cell types in nervous tissue?

A
  • Neurons (nerve cells)

- Glial (neuroglial, supporting cells)

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3
Q

5 characteristics of neurons?

A
  • excitability
  • conductivity
  • secretion (of neurotransmitters)
  • extreme longevity
  • amitotic
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4
Q

A given neuron releases only one type of ____ with excitatory of inhibitory effect on target

A

neurotransmitter

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5
Q

Myelin sheath is composed of ____ and functions to ___ and ___ the axon, which increaes the speed of nerve impulses.

A
  • neuroglia
  • covers
  • insulates
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6
Q

Sensory neurons have somas located outside the CNS in the _____ and have axons that synapse with ____ in CNS

A
  • posterior ganglion root

- interneurons

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7
Q

what structure are most sensory neurons?

A

unipolar

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8
Q

Motor neurons receive signals from ____ and carry signals to effectors

A

interneurons

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9
Q

Most motor neurons have somas located in the ____, while its axons are located in the ____

A
  • CNS

- PNS

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10
Q

____ is the thick outer layer of the nerve that provides support and protection

A

Epineurium

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11
Q

____ is the layer of the nerve that wraps bundles of axons and supports blood vessels

A

Perineurium

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12
Q

_____ is the delicate layer of the nerve that separates and electrically insulates each axon

A

Endoneurium

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13
Q

____ are the most abundant glial cells in CNS

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

____ help form the blood-brain barrier and occupies the space of dying neurons

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

____ are glial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

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16
Q

Ependymal cells and nearby blood vessels form the ____, which produces ____.

A
  • Choroid plexus

- CSF

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17
Q

____ are the least abundant glial cells that engulf microorganisms and cell debris

A

Microglia

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18
Q

____ are glial cells that form the myelin sheath in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

____ are glial cells that form the myelin sheath in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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20
Q

____ are glial cells that regulate exchange of nutrients and wastes between neurons and their environment

A

Satellite cells

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21
Q

What is the most important in establishing the Resting Membrane Potential?

A

K+ leak channels

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22
Q

The RMP is ____ mV

A

-70 mV

23
Q

The K+ leak channel allows K+ to diffuse from ____ of the cell to the ____, going ____ its concentration gradient

A
  • diffuse from INSIDE of the cell to OUTSIDE

- DOWN its concentration gradient

24
Q

____ has minor influence on the resting membrane potential

A

Na+ leak channel

25
Q

In establishing the RMP, K+ leaves the cell creating a ____ charge outside, leaving a ____ charge inside

A
  • POSITIVE outside

- NEGATIVE inside

26
Q

In graded potentials, the permeability of a neuron membrane is determined by ____

A

ligand-gated K+ and Na+ channels

27
Q

In action potentials, the permeability of the resting neuron membrane is determined by ____

A

voltage-gated Na+/K+ channels

28
Q

when do voltage-gated channels open?

A

when the membrane is depolarized

29
Q

____ is the reduction in membrane potential in which the inside of the membrane become less negative

A

Depolarization

30
Q

____ is the increase in membrane potential in which the inside of the membrane becomes more negative

A

Repolarization

31
Q

____ is the increase of membrane potential above RMP in which the inside of the membrane becomes more negative that the resting potential

A

Hyperpolarization

32
Q

____ increases the probability of producing nerve impulses, whereas ____ reduces this probability

A
  • depolarization

- hyperpolarization

33
Q

____ is the propagation of action potential along the axon

A

Nerve impulse

34
Q

When local potential first reaches threshold, ____ fully open quickly causing rapid depolarization.

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels

35
Q

As the rising potential passes 0 mV (becoming more positive), ____ channels close.

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels

36
Q

When the voltage peaks at +35 mV, ____ fully open quickly, resulting in rapid ____

A
  • voltage-gated K+ channels

- repolarization

37
Q

____ channels stay open longer, resulting in hyperpolarization

A

voltage-gated K+ channels

38
Q

In the SNS, preganglionic somas are located in the ______

A

Lateral horn of T1-L2

39
Q

In the SNS, ganglia are located ____

A

far from target organs

closer to vertebrae

40
Q

What neurotransmitters are released by postganglionic neurons in SNS?

A

Ach or NE

41
Q

In the PSNS, where are preganglionic neurons located?

A
  • Brainstem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10)

- Lateral gray matter of S2-S4

42
Q

True or False: No cranial nerves are sympathetic fibers

A

TRUE

43
Q

alpha-1 receptors

A
  • vasoconstrict blood vessels (skin, GI, kidneys)

- contract erector pili, uterus, ureters, internal, urethral sphincters

44
Q

alpha-2 receptors

A
  • inhibit insulin secretion

- contract GI sphincters

45
Q

beta-1 receptors

A
  • stimulate increased HR and contractility

- stimulate renin secretion

46
Q

beta-2 receptors

A
  • vasodilation (going to heart, liver, muscles)
  • bronchodilation lungs
  • relax uterus, GI, tract, bladder
47
Q

which alpha-blocker causes an irreversible blockade of postganglionic synapses in exocrine glands and smooth muscle

A

nonselective alpa blocker

Phenoxybenzamine

48
Q

alpha blockers can be either competitive at binding site or not, while beta-blockers _____

A

competitively bind

49
Q

in the heart, what do beta blockers compete with

A

NE and epi

50
Q

In PSNS, what do postganglionic neurons release? to what receptors on target organs

A
  • Ach

- muscarinic receptors

51
Q

In SNS, postganlionic neurons can secrete either ____ to ____ receptors -OR- ____ to _____ receptors

A
  • ACh to muscarinic receptors

- NE to adrenergic receptors

52
Q

which has higher affinity for epinephrine: alpha 1 or beta 2

A

beta 2

53
Q

at high concentrations of epinephrine, what effect occurs

A

vascular smooth muscle contraction

bc more alpha-1 receptors

Phys/Pathophys I (11 decks)

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