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BIOSCI107 - 2021 > Special Lectures: Embryology > Flashcards

Special Lectures: Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

the first event of human development

A

fertilization

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2
Q

the step after fertilization

A

cleavage

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3
Q

the step after cleavage

A

blastula formation

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4
Q

the step after blastula formation

A

gastrulation

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5
Q

the step after gastrulation

A

organogenesis

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6
Q

the step after organogenesis

A

embryonic folding

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7
Q

whats the main function of fertilization?

A

to have 2 haploid cells fuse to make a diploid cell ( n + n = 2n)

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8
Q

what process to sperm undergo in fertilization and why

A

they undergo capacitation, they lose inhibitory molecules making them swim faster and chemotactic and thermostatic - heat-seeking the fertilization site.

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9
Q

what is the cell called when egg and sperm properly fuse

A

a pronuclei

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10
Q

when does first cleavage occur

A

30 hours after fertilization

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11
Q

what cells multiply in the cleavage stage

A

blastomeres

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12
Q

what happens when the blastomere cells cleave

A

the mass does not get larger, mutliple cells become smaller filling the same space

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13
Q

what occurs at day 4 of this

A

the cluster of cells is called morula - raspberry

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14
Q

how many cells make up a blastocyst

A

4-5

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15
Q

why is a blastocyst different to a blastomere

A

blastocysts are densely packed, have a cavernous inside

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16
Q

what are the names for the inside and outside cells in a blastocyst?

A

inner cells - embryoblasts

outer cells - trophoblasts

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17
Q

blastocyst

A

a specifically mammalian blastula

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18
Q

blastula

A

general term used in any organism

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19
Q

when does implantation occur

A

6 days after fertilization

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20
Q

what happens if the egg implants in the uterine tube? why is this bad?

A

ectopic pregnancy - embryo cant form a placenta

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21
Q

what landmark event marks the start of the second week of development?

A

development of the trophoblast

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22
Q

what do the trophoblast cells do during this stage?

A

outer cells will form the placenta and extra embryonic tissue

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23
Q

two types of trophoblast cells

A

syncytiotrophablast cells and cytotrophoblast cells

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24
Q

what do these trophoblast cells excrete help with

A
  • produce enzymes that help the embryo implant and bury into the endometrium
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25
Q

what hormone do these trophoblast cells excrete

A

human chorionic gonadotropin - pregnancy test in urine

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26
Q

what do these trophoblast cells give rise to?

A

embryo side of placenta - chorionic villi (fetal placenta)

27
Q

during the development of the bilaminar embryonic disc, what are shown in blue

A

epiblasts - rise to ectodermal tissue

28
Q

during the development of the bilaminar embryonic disc, what are shown in yellow

A

hypoblasts - rise to endodermal tissue

29
Q

what starts to form in the bilaminar embryonic disc

A

amnion and amniotic cavity

30
Q

what starts forming 9 days after fertilization

A

development of amnion and yolk sac

31
Q

what is the function of the amnion? (5pts)

A
  • protects baby
  • fluid filled
  • regulates temperature
  • prevents embryo drying out
  • prevents tissue sticking to surfaces
32
Q

aminocentesis test

A

checks for infections, mutation, and overall fetus health with shed skin in amnionic sack

33
Q

what provides nutrients in the first few weeks

A

yolk sac (pre-placenta)

34
Q

what type of germ tissue and what will the yolk sack eventually form?

A

endodermal tissue, helps form gut

35
Q

what network forms and why?

A

lacunar network forms to link the maternal blood supply

36
Q

whats the benefits o connecting baby to mums blood supply

A
  • nutrient supply
  • waste removal
  • gas exchange
37
Q

when does the yolk sac form

A

around day 12

38
Q

what stage occurs at the end of the second week?

A

gastrulation

39
Q

what attaches to the embryo in gastrulation

A

connecting stalk

40
Q

in gastrulation, there is the development of the

A

primitive streak

41
Q

describe the movement of the concentration gradient

A

cells from outer ectodermal layer on dorsal side moving in and under (invagination) towards future anterior end

42
Q

gastrulation results in the beginning of

A

the mesodermal layer

43
Q

what process forms after gastrulation

A

notochordal process

44
Q

what is the location/what is notochordal process

A

new mesodermal, rod of cells in new mesodermal layer (under primitive streak)

45
Q

what is the function of the notochordal process?

A

instructs other cells what to do by induction (inducing cells) a kind of juvenile cell communication

46
Q

what is signalled in the notochodral process

A

neuronal tissue is signaled to thicken and begin neural plate

47
Q

3 germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

48
Q

ectoderm is

A

outside, usually blue, forms outside structures - skin, nervous tissue

49
Q

mesoderm is

A

middle, usually red, forms middle structures like dermis, skeletal system, muscular

50
Q

when does the mesoderm begin to form

A

during gastrulation

51
Q

endoderm is

A

inside, usually yellow, forms the gut, thyroid

52
Q

neurolation is the beginning of

A

organigenisis (organ formation)

53
Q

backbone =

A

notochord

54
Q

what does the neural plate do in the neurolation stage

A

neural plate folds up and forms neural folds which join and sink under ectodermal layer forming a tube

55
Q

the tube formed by neural plate folds is called

A

neural tube - starts the backbone

56
Q

the notochord (backbone) signals what to start what

A

the lateral mesoderm to start the formation of somite structures

57
Q

somites are the start of?

A

ribs, skeleton, muscle of neck and back

58
Q

the stage after neurulation

A

embryonic folding

59
Q

what folds and why in embryonic folding

A

lateral side folding as amniotic cavity pinches yolk sac and then surrounds embryo

60
Q

what will the yolk sac become

A

the gut

61
Q

what else begins to be formed during embryonic folding

A

umbilical chord

62
Q

what does the cell transition to in embryonic folding

A

2D to 3D

63
Q

what is the role of pharyngeal arches

A

give rise to head and neck structures

64
Q

why is hollow blastocyst important

A

hollowness allows cells to re-orient

BIOSCI107 - 2021 (10 decks)

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