Cells and Tissues: Connective Tissue Flashcards
Connective Tissue equation
CT = ECM + Cells
Extra Cellular Matrix
made of ground substance and protein fibres (secreted by ECM cells), structure of ECM dictates tissue qualities
Ground Substance
Composed of Water, proteins, polysaccharides (sugars) i.e. glycosaminoglycans. join with core proteins = proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans sulphated
Sulphated examples - dermatan, heparin, keratan, chondroitin sulphate bind to form proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans non-sulphated acid + characteristics
Hyaluronic acid - is not sulphated nor covalently bonded.
Glycosaminoglycans trap water to make GS what?
more jelly like!
function of Hyaluronic acid
binds cells, lubricates joints, maintains eyeball shape
Hyaluronidase function and production
Produced by white blood cells, sperm and bacteria - makes ground substance more liquid
Chondroitin Sulphate use
Support, provide adhesive features of cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels
Karatan Sulphate use
found in bone, cartilage, cornea
Dermatan Sulphate use
found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves
three different types of connective tissue fibres
collagen, reticular, elastic
Collagen Fibres
strong + flexible, 25% of body, parallel bundles - bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
Reticular fibres
collagen fine bundles coated in glycoprotein, made by fibroblasts, strength and support, part of basement membrane, thinner branches through tissue forming networks - nerve fibres, smooth muscle tissue
Elastic Fibres
Thinner than collagen fibres, protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein fibrillin for more strength+stability, stretched 150% no break - skin, blood vessels and lung
Marfan syndrome
elastic fibres defect, chromosome 15 - fibrilin, transforming growth factor beta 1/20000
two common connective tissue cells types
Fibroblasts, Adipocytes (fat cells)
Fibroblasts
widely distributed connective tissue, migratory - secrete matrix components fibres and GS
Adipocytes (fat cells)
Under skin around organs - store triglycerides
Macrophages (histiocytes) wandering
Phagocytic cells, wandering CT to infection,inflamation,injury
Macrophages (histiocytes) fixed LUNGS
dust cells
Macrophages (histiocytes) fixed LIVER
Kupffer cells
Macrophages (histiocytes) SKIN
Langerhan’s cells
Plasma Cells
- form b-lymphocytes (antibodies)
- CT sites i.e. lung, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow
Mast cells
Histamine to dilates vessels - alongside blood vessels
Leucocytes
white blood cells i.e. neutrophils, eosinphils - from blood
two connective tissue classifications
Embryonic, mature
Mesenchyme (embryonic)
the OG made from mesenchymal cells, semi-fluid GS of reticular fibres
Mucous
Mucous CT scattered fibroblasts in GS, supports Umbilical cord
Loose connective tissue AREOLAR
loose areaolar, three types of fibres present - collagen, reticular and elastic - widely distributed
Loose connective tissue ADIPOSE
loose, Adipocytes dominant, central triglyceride droplet, found with areolar CT, insulation, energy source, temp control
Connective tissue RETICULAR
thin reticular fibre network (thin type of collagen), stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, stroma of organs, bunds smooth muscle cells, filters & removes worn-out blood cells in spleen; microbes in lymph nodes
Dense REGULAR connective tissue
Tendons (m - b), Ligaments (b - b), aponeuroses (m - m), regularly arranged collagen, shiny white, Colfib not living tissue, slow healing, attachment
Dense IRREGULAR connective tissue
made of col fib irregularly arranged w/ fibroblasts, located reticular dermis, periosteum of bone - tensile strength
Dense ELASTIC connective tissue
mainly elastic fibres w/ fibroblasts between them, lung tissue, trachea, walls of elastic arteries, stretching of organs, strong, recoils to original shape
supporting CT: Hyaline Cartilage
lots, weak resilient gel with fibres not obvious. - anterior ends of ribs, respiratory cartilage - flexibility and movement
Compact bone
- many rod shaped units osteons or haversian systems
- cortical bone
- outer layer of bone - shaft of long bones
Spongy Bone
- porous inner bone lies under compact bone
- cancellous bone
- lacks osteons
Compact bone
- many rod shaped units osteons or haversian systems
- cortical bone
- outer layer of bone - shaft of long bones
- protection and support
Spongy Bone
- porous inner bone lies under compact bone
- cancellous bone
- lacks osteons
- produces blood cells (red marrow)
- stores triglycerides (yellow)
four bone cell types
- Osteogenic cells
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells (goes to blast) 1-2
- mesenchymal stem cells
- lays down collagen then gets trapped
- becomes osteoblasts
Osteoblasts (goes to cytes) 2-3
- bone-forming
- lay down more collagen
- bone mineralization process starts
Osteocytes (goes to clasts) 3-4
- mature bone cells
- trapped in extracellular matrix
- maintina bone tissue
- exchange of nutrients and waste
- have gap junctions
Osteoclasts 4
- large
- multinucleated
- formed from monocyte (blood) fusing
- break down bone
four parts of compact bones osteon
- lamellae
- lacunae
- canaliculi
- central (Haversian) canal
Where are osteons aligned?
lines of bone stress e.g long axis of bone shaft
Osteon structure: Lamellae (1)
- concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness (onion)
- made of calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide make hydroxyapatite and collagen (tensile strength)
Osteon structure: Lacunae (2)
- Small spaces between lamellae containing mature bone cells (osteocytes)
Osteon structure: Canaliculi (3)
- “minute canals” radiate from lacunae
- provide routes for O2, nutrients and waste
Osteon structure: Central (Haversian) canal (4)
- doughnut hole
- for blood, lymphs and nerves
4 asts that assist in bone building/breaking down
Osteoclasts - reabsorb desd bone
Chondroblasts -lay down hyaline cartilage callus
Osteoblasts - lay down new bone
Osteoclasts - remodel new bone
Liquid connective tissue
Blood plasma (liquid ECM) and formed elements (red + white cells and platelets)
two phagocytic, engulfing bacteria
Neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages)
two cells that release substances (e.g. histamine) that intensify inflammatory reaction
Basophils (mobile) and mast cells (immature circulate; mature fixed)
what are eosinophils useful for
Parasitic worms, acute allergic response
Lymphocytes are involved in?
Immune response
what transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
what helps blood with clotting
Platelets (from megakaryocytes in red marrow)
