CSF: cell communication

Question 1

3 main steps of cell signaling

Answer 1

• reception
• transduction
• response

Question 2

what happens to receptor proteins during reception

Answer 2

it changes shape or chemical shape

Question 3

what does reception allow/cause

Answer 3

activation of a protein

Question 4

what happens in reception

Answer 4

signaling protein binds to receptor protein ie. ligand or first messenger

Question 5

messages and transduction

Answer 5

gives messages to second messengers

Question 6

transduction and proteins

Answer 6

each activated protein cause a series of changes via a phosphorylation cascade

Question 7

Response what happens?

Answer 7

cell does something in response

Question 8

receptors are?

Answer 8

specific

Question 9

two types of receptors

Answer 9

Intracellular, cell surface proteins

Question 10

name two types of cell surface proteins

Answer 10

• G protein-coupled receptor

- Ligand-gated ion channel

Question 11

what kind of proteins are g protein couples receptors?

Answer 11

Transmembrane proteins

they pass the plasma membrane 7 times

Question 12

what are the functions of GCPRs?

Answer 12

development, sensory reception - vision, taste, smell

Question 13

what happens when GCPRs are coupled with G proteins

Answer 13

GPs are molecular switches which are on or off if GDP or GTP is bound

Question 14

what do ligand gated ion channels contain?

Answer 14

gate

Question 15

what causes changes in ligand channel shape

Answer 15

binding the ligand at a specific site on the receptor

Question 16

what can pass through ligand channels and why

Answer 16

• ions pass-through

- channel opens and allows things to pass as it changes shape

Question 17

what kind of a process is ligand channel transport

Answer 17

passive

Question 18

what is signal transduction

Answer 18

signals relayed from receptors to target molecules via a ‘cascade’ of molecular interactions

Question 19

what are the two main secondary receptors

Answer 19

cAMP (cylose acyl - phosphate), calcium 2+

Question 20

What is the point of secondary messengers cAMP and Ca2+?

Answer 20

phospholipase enzymes activates downstream protein

Question 21

Ca2+ dangers

Answer 21

concentration must be managed as it can damage and kill cells

Question 22

6 cellular responses

Answer 22

1. gene expression
2. alteration of protein function to gain or lose activity
3. opening or closing of an ion channel
4. alteration of cellular metabolism
5. regulation of cellular organelles or organization
6. rearrangement/movement of cytoskeleton

Question 23

Glycogen is a…

Answer 23

long term energy store in liver and skeletal muscle

Question 24

activation of cell response usually

Answer 24

promotes the start of deactivation

Question 25

what breaks down CAMP

Answer 25

phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Question 26

why do we inhibit PDEs

Answer 26

therapeutic approach ie viagra

Question 27

signals can be

Answer 27

short or long distance

Question 28

how do signals travel long distance

Answer 28

hormones travel via the circulatory system to specific cells

Question 29

transduction definition

Answer 29

during transduction pathways multiple proteins may be activated, typical via phosphorylation