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BIOSCI107 - 2021 > CSF: cell division and cancer > Flashcards

CSF: cell division and cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the miotic phase

A

mitosis plus cytokinesis

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2
Q

4 stages of meiosis 1

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telphase
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3
Q

4 stages of meiosis 2

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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4
Q

whats the difference between meiosis 2 and mitosis?

A

mitosis is not preceded by DNA replication

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5
Q

what are the three main parts of interphase

A
  1. growth and gap phase 1
  2. synthesis of DNA
  3. Growth or Gap phase 2
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6
Q

why do cells divide?

A

growth and development
tissue renewal
results in two ‘cloned’ daughter cells

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7
Q

during interphase

A

DNA replicates

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8
Q

during prophase

A

DNA condenses further in:

- two identical chromatids per chromosome - sister chromotids

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9
Q

during metaphase

A

sister chromatids line up

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10
Q

During anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate

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11
Q

daughter cells are

A

identical to parent cell

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12
Q

what are the points of mitotic checkpoints

A

Mitotic check points are molecules that check how the replication process is going
halt the reproductive process if DNA is faulty/damaged

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13
Q

what are the mitotic cell points

A

M, G1, G2

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14
Q

What are the key signals to pass G1

A
  • undamaged DNA
  • good cell size and nutrition
  • appropriate signals are present
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15
Q

What are the key signals to pass M

A
  • all spindles are attached
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16
Q

3 key molecules for G2 checkpoint

A
  • cyclin
  • cyclin dependant kinase
  • M-phase promoting factor
17
Q

what is the function of cyclin

A

protein that fluctuates throughout the cell cycle

18
Q

what is cyclin dependant kinase (CDK)

A

kinase activated when attached to a cyclin

19
Q

what is M-phase promoting factor

A
  • Cycling/CDK complex

- key for G2 checkpoint

20
Q

mutations in the cell cycle can cause what?

A

CANCER

21
Q

cancer causing DNA changes can be

A
  • small scale alterations (point mutations)

- gain/loss/translocation of chromosomes/genes

22
Q

DNA changes can be results of

A
  • aquired changes that target single cells i.e. carcinogens

- Inherited changes that target all cells - susceptibility genes

23
Q

cancer genes effected by DNA changes are (2)

A
  • proto-oncogenes

- tumour supressor genes

24
Q

Proto-oncogenes function

A

stimulate cell proliferation

25
Q

tumour suppressor genes

A

genes that keep proliferation in check

26
Q

activation of proto-oncogenes is like?

A

pressing the accelerator

27
Q

deactivation of tumour suppressor genes is like

A

a loss of brakes

28
Q

Growth gap stage 1 (2 points)

A
  • most cellular activities occur

- duration varies depending on cell type

29
Q

Synthesis of DNA (3 points)

A
  • DNA replicates
  • strands separated at the hydrogen bonds holding nucleotides together
  • new strands of DNA synthesised as opposite of each old strand
30
Q

Growth Gap stage 2 (3 points)

A
  • checks correct DNA synthesis
  • prepares for the miotic phase (synthesis of proteins and enzymes + gathering reactants)
  • replication of centrosomes is completed
31
Q

meiosis vs mitosis - property

A

meiosis - only diploid cells

mitosis - diploid and haploid

32
Q

meiosis vs mitosis - DNA replication

A

meiosis - during interphase, between meiosis 1 and 2

mitosis - during interphase before mitosis begins

33
Q

Number of divisions in Meiosis

A

One inc. prop, prometa, meta, ana and telo

34
Q

number of divisions in Mitosis

A

Two inc. prop, meta, ana, telo

35
Q

synapsis of homologous chromosomes meiosis

A

occurs during phase 1 w/ crossing over between non-sister chromotids; resulting chiasmata hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion

36
Q

synapsis of homologous chromosomes mitosis

A

does not occur

37
Q

meiosis vs mitosis - Number of daughter cells and genetic comp.

A

Meiosis - 4, each haploid (n); genetically dif from everything (parents and sisters)
Mitosis - 2, identical to parents w same number of chromosomes

38
Q

3 sources of cellular variation

A
  • independent assortment at metaphase
  • crossing over at metaphase
  • fusion between two gametes

BIOSCI107 - 2021 (10 decks)

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