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BIOSCI107 - 2021 > CSF: Harvesting Chemical Energy > Flashcards

CSF: Harvesting Chemical Energy Flashcards

1
Q

why do we have ATP

A

is powers cellular network - is our energy currency (cashmoney)

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2
Q

building up

A

anabolism

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3
Q

breaking down

A

catabolism

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4
Q

ATP cycle definition

A

the transfer of energy between complex and simple molecules in the body with ATP as the mediator

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5
Q

conversion of glucose to ATP 4 main steps

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. critic acid cycle (or Krebs cycle)
  4. electron transport chain
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6
Q

major categories of fuel (3)

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • fats
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7
Q

Carbohydrates broken down to what fuel

A

simple sugars

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8
Q

proteins broken down to what fuel

A

amino acids

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9
Q

fat broken down to what fuel

A

simple fats

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10
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

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11
Q

what three processes occur in the mitochondria

A
  1. pyruvate oxidation
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
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12
Q

what is glycolysis

A

glucose to pyruvate

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13
Q

what is pyruvate oxidation

A

acetyl CoA

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14
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport and chemiosmosis

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15
Q

where is pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

A

in the matrix

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16
Q

where is oxidative phosphorylation

A

across inner membrane

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17
Q

glycolysis and citric acid cycle occur at

A

substrate level

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18
Q

oxidative phosphorylation occurs at what level?

A

oxidative

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19
Q

glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation electrons via?

A

NADH

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20
Q

citric acid cycle to oxidative phosphorylation electrons via?

A

NADH and FADH2

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21
Q

is oxygen required for glycolysis?

A

oui

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22
Q

glycolysis break down?

A

the lysis of glucose to produce two pyruvate molecules

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23
Q

ATP in the energy investment stage of glycolysis

A

2 ATP are invested

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24
Q

ATP in the energy payoff stage of glycolysis

A

4 ATP are produced

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25
Q

products in the net stage of glycolysis

A

2 ATP and 2NADH are produced (net)

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26
Q

does pyruvate oxidation require oxygen

A

yes!

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27
Q

what does the pyruvate oxidation stage produce?

A
  • NO ATP
  • 1 NADH per pyruvate (or 2 glucose)
  • 1 CO2
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28
Q

what does the acetyl CoA enable? (going into citric acid cycle)

A

2 carbon acetyl group to enter citric acid cycle

29
Q

what 4 products does the citric acid cycle produce

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 NADH
  • 2FADH2
  • 4CO2
    (Per glucose)
30
Q

does citric acid cycle require oxygen?

A

yes, it is aerobic process

31
Q

what two molecules are electron donors in the transport chain?

A

FADH2 and NADH

32
Q

series of reactions =

A

product of the first reaction is the substrate for the next

33
Q

what does the citric acid cycle complete

A

extraction of energy from glucose

34
Q

how much ATP does glycolysis produce per glucose?

A

2 net ATP per glucose

35
Q

how much ATP does pyruvate oxidation produce per glucose?

A

no ATP

36
Q

how much ATP does citric acid cycle produce per glucose?

A

2 ATP per glucose

37
Q

how does Substrate phosphorylation generate ATP

A

by direct transfer (from a substrate) of a phosphate group to ADP

38
Q

how do glycolysis and citric acid cycle make ATP

A

via substrate phosphorylation

39
Q

how does oxidative phosphorylation generate ATP

A

the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the transfer of electrons and pumping protons

40
Q

does electron transport chain require oxygen?

A

oui its aerobic

41
Q

what two proteins are oxidized and how many electrons do they donate/gain

A
  • NADH & FADH2

- donate 1 or 2 electrons

42
Q

how do electrons transfer in the chain?

A

protein-to-protein

43
Q

what happens at each protein in the electron transfer chain?

A

each electron gives up a little energy, this enables H+ ions to be pumped into the inter-membrane space

44
Q

what does oxygen do to the electrons in the transport chain?

A

“pulls” electrons down the chain and is then the ‘final electron acceptor’ where its reduced to water

45
Q

hydrogen rush down what chemiosmosis

A

down the concentration gradients

46
Q

when the hydrogen goes down the intermembrane gradient what happens?

A

the turbine within ATP synthase to turn

47
Q

what does the synthase turbine turning do?

A

enables the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

48
Q

how many ATP are produced during chemiosmosis

A

26 or 28 ATP

49
Q

what stages make up oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron transfer chain and chemiosmosis

50
Q

is oxygen required for ETC and chemiosmosis?

A

yes, oxygen is the final electron acceptor

51
Q

what does cyanide do in oxidative phophorylation?

A

blocks passage of electrons to O2 = death of cell

52
Q

how many (maximum) ATP are produced by one glucose?

A

30-32 ATP per glucose

53
Q

What other sources (other than glucose) can we get ATP from?

A

fats, proteins and more complex carbohydrates generate ATP

54
Q

what enters glycolysis and citric acid cycle at different points?

A

monomers

55
Q

what is rate limiting for glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase

56
Q

what produces insulin?

A

Beta cells in islets of langerhans pancreas

57
Q

function of insulin

A

promote glucose uptake into cells for ATP production and liver storage

58
Q

what produces glucagon?

A

alpha cells in islets of langerhans in pancreas

59
Q

function of glucagon?

A

stimulates break down of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels

60
Q

three things that happen when you lose insulin?

A
  • no glucose in cells
  • no ATP from glucose
  • no glycogen stored
61
Q

what is it called when the ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired?

A

Diabetes mellitus

62
Q

what does diabetes mellitus result in?

A
  • abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates
  • elevated glucose levels
  • 7mmol/L fasting
63
Q

Type 1 diabetes otherwise known as

A

insulin-dependent diabetes - requires insulin replacement

64
Q

type 1 diabetes causes

A
  • beta cells of pancreas destoryed; no insulin production

- often autoimmune, genetic or through environmental factors

65
Q

who gets type 1 diabetes/when

A
  • 5-10% of diabetics

- onset in children or adolescents

66
Q

Type 2 diabetes otherwise known as

A

non-insulin-dependent diabetes

67
Q

type 2 diabetes causes

A

body produces insulin, receptors are just not functional (insulin resistance)

68
Q

who gets type 2 diabetes/when

A
  • > 90% diabetics are type 2, usually usually over 40

- linked to obesity

69
Q

two symptoms of diabetes are

A
  • significantly increased hunger

- significant weight loss

BIOSCI107 - 2021 (10 decks)

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