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BIOSCI107 - 2021 > Cells and Tissues: Muscle and Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues: Muscle and Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

three types of muscle that make up ~50% of body tissue mass

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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2
Q

Skeletal muscle facts

A
  • appear stratified micro
  • ~650 named muscles
  • fibres/cells = cylindrical
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3
Q

Smallest muscle

A

Stapedius (stabilizes smallest bone - bells palsy hyperacusis
1.2mm

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4
Q

Longest muscle

A

Sartorius hip and knee flexor and lateral rotator

60cm

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5
Q

whats the point of skeletal muscle?

A
  • motion, posture, heat, protection
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6
Q

Striation cause

A

arrangement of myofibrils within the cells

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7
Q

Myofibrils are composed of two…

A

Myofilaments

  • thin filaments, actin, 8nm diam 1-2 long
  • thick filaments, myosin, 16nm diam 1-2 long
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8
Q

What are sarcomeres

A
  • basic functional unit of myofibril

- z discs (z lines) separate sarcomeres

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9
Q

where is epimysium

A

surrounding anatomical muscle

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10
Q

Where is Perimysium

A

around fascicles

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11
Q

where is endomysium

A

around muscle fibres (‘cell’) - layer for capillaries/nerves

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12
Q

where is sarcolemma

A

actual cell plasma membrane

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13
Q

where is sarcoplasm

A

cell cytoplasm

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14
Q

A band

A

Dark, middle part; contains all thick filaments

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15
Q

I band

A

thin filaments, no thick filaments

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16
Q

H zone

A

thick filaments, no thin filaments

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17
Q

M line

A

middle of sarcomere (holds thick filaments together)

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18
Q

Z disc

A

passes through center of I band (between sarcomeres) made up of actinins - link adjacent sarcomeres

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19
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

striated, branched, single central nucleas, fibres join end-to-end through intercalated discs

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20
Q

Intercalated discs contains (2 of)

A
  1. desmosomes (bind filaments) adhesion and contraction

2. Gap junctions (communication, coordinated)

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21
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

striated and branched, single cell nuclear, intercalated discs, involuntary, heart

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22
Q

smooth muscle (no striation) location

A

walls of hollow internal structures - intestines, blood vessel walls

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23
Q

smooth muscle shape and function - is it voluntary?

A
  • short, small, spindle-shaped

- Involuntary, non-striated, single central nucleus

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24
Q

Are skeletal muscles involuntary or voluntary

A

voluntary; sometimes not always - posture

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25
Q

how does a skeletal muscle cell maintain its size?

A
  • multinucleate (peripheral nuclei pushed to side)
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26
Q

description of skeletal muscle cells?

A
  • long, striated cells that are attached to bones via tendons
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27
Q

smooth muscle (no striation) structure

A
  • non-striated

- single central nucleas

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28
Q

smooth muscle (no striation) control?

A
  • involentary
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29
Q

two nervous system subdivisions?

A
  • central nervous system

- peripheral nervous system

30
Q

where is the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord (and optic nerve)

31
Q

where is the PNS

A

all nervous tissue outside

32
Q

what does the sensory/afferent division do?

A

information to the CNS

33
Q

what does the motor/efferent division do?

A

Information from the CNS to the organs (muscles and glands)

34
Q

Nervous system helps to:

A
  • maintain homeostasis - along with endocrine
  • initiates voluntary movements
  • responsible for perception, behaviour and memory
35
Q

three main nervous system functions

A
  • sensory
  • integrative
  • motor
36
Q

sensory function

A

detects internal and external stimuli and transfer

37
Q

integrative function

A

analysis and storing info

38
Q

Motor function

A

stimulation of effectors - muscle and glands - through PNS i.e. motor here means “effector”

39
Q

Nervous tissue two types of cells

A

Neurons (big nerve cells) and neuroglia (small, supportive cells)

40
Q

neurons control type and length

A
  • both conscious and unconscious control

- longest cells in the body - up to 1m

41
Q

name 4 of the components of a neuron

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
42
Q

Dendrites location and function

A
  • branched from cell body

- recieving input part of the neuron

43
Q

axon location and function

A
  • carries nerve impulse away from the neuron
  • output portion of neuron
  • long stick thingy
44
Q

4 different neuron types

A
  • Multipolar neurons
  • bipolar neurons
  • unipolar neuron
  • anaxonic neuron
45
Q

three multipolar neurons fun facts

A
  • most common neurons in CNS
  • all motor neurons (control skeletal muscles) are in this class
  • some of longest (spinal cord to toe muscles)
46
Q

Bipolar Neurons structure and process

A
  • has one dendritic process and one axon

- cell body between axon and dendrite

47
Q

multipolar neurons structure

A
  • have 2 or more dendrite and a single axon
48
Q

bipolar neuron 2 facts

A
  • rare and small (30μm)

- special sense organs (smell, sight, hearing) relay info receptor to neurons

49
Q

Unipolar Neurons structure

A
  • dendrites and axon are continuous

- cell body off to one side

50
Q

Unipolar Neurons fun facts

A
  • whole thing where dendrites converge called axon
  • most sensory nerves are unipolar
  • very long - like 1m motor nerves
51
Q

anaxonic neuron function and location

A
  • rare and function poorly understood

- found in brain and special sense organs

52
Q

Anatomy of anaxonic neuron

A

anatomy cannot distinguish dendrites from axons

53
Q

Neuroglia location and structure

A
  • CNS and PNS
  • make up ~50% of CNS glue
  • more of them than neurons and smaller than neurons
54
Q

can neuroglia propagate action potentials

A
  • they cant propagate action potentials

- can communicate

55
Q

5 functions of neuroglia

A
  • physcial structure of nervous tissue
  • repair framework of nervous tissue
  • undertake phagocytosis
    nutrient supply to neurons
  • regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue
56
Q

four CNS Neuroglia types

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal cells
57
Q

Astrocytes structure

A
  • star-shaped
  • largest
  • most numerous neuroglia
  • syncytium network
58
Q

what do astrocytes use to communicate with neurons?

A

gilotransmitters e.g. glutamte

59
Q

regulating ions are used to

A

maintain the environemnt around the neuron

60
Q

why do astrocytes wrap around vessels and influence their permeability?

A

to maintain the blood-brain barrier via endothelium

61
Q

Oligodendrocytes insulate via?

A

multilayered insulating sheath called a myelin sheath - a protective lipid layer) around CNS axon

62
Q

can Oligodendrocytes myelinate more than one axon?

A

yes

63
Q

microglia are….?

A
  • phagocytic (resident macrophages)

- protection

64
Q

what cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

65
Q

where are Ependymal cells found

A
  • line CSF filled ventricles in brain
  • central canal of spinal cord
    • other places CSF is found
66
Q

what kind of cells does Ependymal cells have

A
  • single layer, mainly cuboidal
  • have cilia (flow)
  • have microvilli (sampling)
67
Q

Whats Ependymal cells function

A

CSF mechanical buffer; moves nutrients and waste

68
Q

two types of Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia

A
  • schwann cells

- satellite cells

69
Q

Schwann cells are the PNS version of what?

A
  • PNS version of the CNS Oligodendrocyte
70
Q

whats the point of schwann cells

A
  • form insulating myelin sheath round axon

- can support or just surround several non-myelinated axons

71
Q

how many axons for myelination vs support of axon

A
  • One schwann cell per axon for myelination

- more cell/axon if just support

72
Q

what do Satellite cells do?

A
  • surround neuron cell bodies
  • support and fluid exchanges
  • equiv astrocytes in CNS

BIOSCI107 - 2021 (10 decks)

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