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Anesthesia and Analgesia > Special Considerations for Small Animal Anesthesia > Flashcards

Special Considerations for Small Animal Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

what can considerations affect?

A

drugs
necessary equipment
monitoring
supportive care
minimum database

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2
Q

which species are important in considerations?

A

cats
rabbits

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3
Q

what are the unique risk factors for cats?

A

extremes of weight
intubation
fluid therapy
unique metabolism

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4
Q

why are cats technically more difficult to intubate than dogs?

A

smaller larynx
prone to laryngospasm
cannot open mouth as wide/less space in mouth to visualize

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5
Q

what are some tips to successfully intubate a cat?

A

make sure sufficiently deep
spray vocal cords with lidocaine
spend time watching rhythm of vocal cords with breathing pattern
intubate with inspiration
consider using flexible stylet

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6
Q

what does the doppler reading for blood pressure in a cat correlate with?

A

between systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure

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7
Q

what can anesthetic agents cause in cats?

A

hyperthermia

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8
Q

what are the risk factors for rabbits?

A

difficult intubation
difficult catheterization
high surface area to weight ratio
high resting heart rate
prey animals
respiratory infections common

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9
Q

what should you treat bradycardia in rabbits with?

A

glycopyrrolate

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10
Q

what is special about brachycephalics that impacts anesthesia?

A

airway
cardiovascular
gastrointestinal
musculoskeletal

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11
Q

what are the components of brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome?

A

elongated soft palate
stenotic nares
hypoplastic trachea
everted laryngeal saccules
aberrant nasopharyngeal turbinates

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12
Q

what is special about brachycephalics’ cardiovascular systems?

A

high vagal tone

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13
Q

what are the anesthetic goals for brachycephalics?

A

avoid airway obstruction
avoid aspiration

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14
Q

what dog breeds have considerations to take into account?

A

herding breeds
doberman pinschers
sighthounds
giant breeds

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15
Q

what should be considered with aging?

A

perceived sensitivity and increased vulnerability to side effects
alterations in many physiologic parameters affect care
consider from body systems perspective

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16
Q

what is geriatric?

A

animal has lived 75% of expected lifespan

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17
Q

what is cardiac output dependent upon in pediatrics?

A

heart rate

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18
Q

what are pediatrics at increased risk for due to their respiratory system?

A

hypoxemia

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19
Q

why are pediatrics prone to hypoglycemia?

A

limited glycogen stores

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20
Q

what are dosage requirements like in pediatrics?

A

decreased from adults

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21
Q

what are geriatric patients at greater risk for due to their respiratory systems?

A

hypoventilation
hypoxemia

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22
Q

what changes in the renal system of geriatric patients?

A

decreased cortical mass and functional nephrons
decreased GFR and renal blood flow
decreased response to anti-diuretic hormone

23
Q

what is the hepatic system like in geriatric patients?

A

decreased liver mass and hepatic blood flow
enzyme function well maintained
decreased metabolism of lipid soluble drugs

24
Q

which procedures have special considerations?

A

urgent or emergency
trauma
ocular procedures
dental
endoscopy

25
Q

should you give NSAIDs to trauma patients?

A

no

26
Q

what should you consider giving in the pre-med for ocular procedures?

A

anticholinergic

27
Q

which endoscopy procedures can be very stimulating?

A

rhinoscopy
upper GI

28
Q

which medications should be stopped prior to anesthesia?

A

ACE inhibitors
anticoagulants

29
Q

what is the mortality rate for cats under anesthesia?

A

0.11%

30
Q

what is the mortality rate for rabbits under anesthesia?

A

0.73%

31
Q

what drugs do cats sometimes require higher doses of than dogs?

A

sedatives
anesthetics
not opioids- lower

32
Q

should you preoxygenate a rabbit?

A

yes

33
Q

why is an elongated soft palate a problem?

A

epiglottic entrapment
thickened soft palate
macroglossia

34
Q

what percentage of brachycephalics have GERD/regurgitation when they are awake?

A

84%

35
Q

why would you use an anticholinergic in a brachycephalic during premed?

A

high vagal tone due to chronic upper airway disease

36
Q

what is the most significant risk with pediatrics due to?

A

maybe their size more than their age

37
Q

what is the pediatric cardiovascular system like?

A

limited ability to increase heart rate or inotropy
cardiac output is heart rate dependent
low pressure system

38
Q

what can you use in pediatrics to avoid decreases in heart rate?

A

anticholinergics

39
Q

what are pediatric respiratory systems like?

A

high minute volume
more compliant chest
increased oxygen consumption

40
Q

when does hematopoiesis begin?

A

4 weeks of age

41
Q

how much of pediatric blood is fetal hemoglobin?

A

60-70%

42
Q

why is thermoregulation important in pediatrics?

A

large surface area to volume ratio
poikilothermic
lack adequate fat stores
warmth is analgesic to newborns
anesthesia and hypothermia

43
Q

why do pediatrics have decreased dosage requirements?

A

increased volume of distribution
decreased plasma albumin
decreased hepatic function
decreased renal function
immature blood brain barrier

44
Q

when should alpha2 agonists be avoided in pediatrics?

A

before 8-16 weeks

45
Q

which drugs should you avoid before 8 weeks in pediatrics?

A

alpha2 agonists
many injectables
NSAIDs

46
Q

what are geriatric cardiovascular systems like?

A

increased incidence of disease
decreased compliance
decreased maximal heart rate
decreased maximal cardiac output

47
Q

why are geriatric patients at greater risk for hypothermia?

A

decreased skeletal muscle mass
decreased basal metabolism

48
Q

what is the blood of geriatrics like?

A

decreased plasma proteins
decreased total body water
decreased muscle mass +/- increased lipid fraction
decreased volume of distribution for most drugs

49
Q

how should you avoid an increase in intraocular pressure?

A

smooth induction and recovery
avoid emesis
avoid neck restraint
avoid drugs that cause

50
Q

which medications should be stopped?

A

ACE inhibitors
anticoagulants

51
Q

what should you do for presumptive MMVD?

A

maintain high normal heart rate and inotropy and low normal afterload

52
Q

what should you consider in hepatic disease?

A

delayed drug metabolism?
hypoalbuminemia
hepatic blood flow
coagulopathy

53
Q

what drugs should you not use in diabetic patients?

A

ketamine
alpha2 agonists with caution

54
Q

which drugs should you avoid in pregnancy?

A

ketamine
benzodiazepines
opioids prior to delivery
NSAIDs prior to delivery

Anesthesia and Analgesia (19 decks)

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