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Anesthesia and Analgesia > Peri-Anesthetic Agents > Flashcards

Peri-Anesthetic Agents Flashcards

1
Q

what is general anesthesia characterized by?

A

muscle relaxation
unconsciousness
amnesia
analgesia

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2
Q

what is responsiveness like with deep sedation/analgesia?

A

purposeful response following repeated or painful stimulation

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3
Q

why should you perform pre-oxygenation before induction?

A

delays time to deoxygenation/desaturation: gives time to figure it out

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4
Q

how is acepromazine excreted?

A

in urine, both conjugated and unconjugated

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5
Q

how is acepromazine metabolized?

A

hepatic

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6
Q

what are the general effects of acepromazine?

A

muscle relaxation
sedative (anxiolysis)

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7
Q

when can you use acepromazine?

A

premedication: young, healthy dogs, horses
postoperative sedation: cardiovascular stable dogs, cats, horses

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8
Q

what are the general effects of alpha2 adrenergic agonists?

A

analgesia
muscle relaxation
sedation

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9
Q

what is the cardiovascular response to alpha2 adrenergic agonists like?

A

biphasic: peripheral and then central
decrease cardiac output

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10
Q

do alpha2 adrenergic agonists cause a decrease in coronary artery perfusion or myocardial oxygenation?

A

no

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11
Q

what are the gastrointestinal effects of alpha2 adrenergic agonists?

A

decrease motility, ruminal contractions, gastric emptying
salivation, emesis, reflux

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12
Q

what is sedation like with alpha2 adrenergic agonists as the sole agent?

A

very rousable sedation

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13
Q

what is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

A

enhance GABAa receptor affinity for GABA
increased chloride conduction and hyperpolarization of postsynaptic cell

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14
Q

when can you use benzodiazepines for premedication?

A

neonatal or geriatric
unstable, critical
combined with 2+ other sedatives

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15
Q

what is buprenorphine useful for?

A

mild to moderate pain, long-acting
post-op analgesia in stable patients
good post-op choice for cats

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16
Q

can airway intervention be required for deep sedation?

A

may be required

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17
Q

is cardiovascular function usually maintained under deep sedation?

A

yes

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18
Q

what are the sedatives/tranquilizers/analgesics?

A

phenothiazines
alpha2-agonists
benzodiazepines
opioids

19
Q

what is a phenothiazine?

A

acepromazine

20
Q

which drug should you not use the labeled dose on the bottle of?

A

acepromazine

21
Q

what is the duration of acepromazine?

A

4-6 hours dogs/cats
2-4 hours horses

22
Q

does acepromazine provide analgesia?

A

no

23
Q

can you reverse acepromazine?

A

no

24
Q

what are the cardiovascular effects of acepromazine?

A

vasodilation
decreases stroke volume and cardiac output and high doses, may increase heart rate
antiarrhythmic

25
Q

how does acepromazine affect the CNS?

A

does not affect electrical activity
thermoregulation impacted

26
Q

is acepromazine MAC sparing?

A

yes

27
Q

when should you avoid acepromazine?

A

hepatic disease or shunt
unstable animals
prior to laparoscopic procedure
stallions
low doses on large floppy dog breeds
euro boxers

28
Q

what is phase 1 of alpha2 agonist cardiac effects like?

A

peripheral vasoconstriction lead to baroreceptor-mediated reflex bradycardia

29
Q

what is phase 2 of alpha2 agonist cardiac effects like?

A

central alpha 2a receptor acitvation
decreases sympathetic outflow and increases parasympathetic tone

30
Q

what are the respiratory effects of alpha2 agonists?

A

decreases respiratory rate but increases tidal volume: maintains minute ventilation

31
Q

what are the gastrointestinal effects of alpha2 agonists?

A

decreased motility, ruminal contractions, gastric emptying
salivation, emesis, reflux

32
Q

what are the genitourinary effects of alpha2 agonists?

A

inhibition of antidiuretic hormone release
increased myometrial tone and intrauterine pressure
decreased oxygen delivery

33
Q

what are the alpha2 adrenergic agonists?

A

xylazine
detomidine
romifidine
medetomidine/dexmedetomidine

34
Q

what is the duration of dexmedetomidine?

A

60-90 minutes
dose dependent

35
Q

when should you avoid alpa2 agonists?

A

neonates
hemodynamically unstable patients
diabetic animals?
urinary obstruction
cardiovascular disease
species sensitivity

36
Q

what are the general effects of benzodiazepines?

A

anticonvulsant
muscle relaxation
amnesia
sedation/anxiolysis

37
Q

which animals sedate well on benzodiazepines alone?

A

ferrets
rabbits
birds
pigs

38
Q

are benzodiazepines MAC sparing?

A

minimal

39
Q

which benzodiazepine has pain on injection and poor bioavailability when given IM or SQ?

A

diazepam

40
Q

when should you avoid benzodiazepines?

A

young, excited dogs/cats
hepatic disease, hypoproteinemia

41
Q

what are the cardiovascular effects of opioids?

A

bradycardia

42
Q

what are the genitourinary effects of opioids?

A

increased urethral sphincter tone

43
Q

what is buprenorphine not useful for?

A

sedation
severe pain
unstable patients- poorly reversible

Anesthesia and Analgesia (19 decks)

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