Anesthetic Complications

Question 1

what can cause low heart rate?

Answer 1

drugs
patient
procedure

Question 2

what causes vasodilation in anesthesia?

Answer 2

inhalant
acepromazine
propofol

Question 3

how do anesthetic drugs cause relative hypovolemia?

Answer 3

venodilation: venous circulation already holds the majority of the blood volume

Question 4

what is relative hypovolemia?

Answer 4

normal blood volume, but volume (capacity) of vascular compartment has increased

Question 5

what is the equation for mean arterial pressure?

Answer 5

MAP = HR x SV x SVR

Question 6

what can you do to alleviate absolute hypovolemia?

Answer 6

decrease inhalant
crystalloid bolus
replace volume loss if due to hemorrhage

Question 7

what can you do to alleviate poor cardiac contractility?

Answer 7

decrease inhalant
positive inotrope: dobutamine
administer alpha2 antagonist if due to alpha2 agonist

Question 8

what can cause intraoperative acute blood loss?

Answer 8

laceration of vessel
blood-rich organs
vascularity of surgical site

Question 9

what is the PCV value that is critical for oxygen delivery to tissues?

Answer 9

20%

Question 10

when should you treat blood loss?

Answer 10

prior to cardiovascular effects of blood loss occur

Question 11

what can you use to treat blood loss?

Answer 11

isotonic crystalloids
hypertonic saline
colloids
blood products

Question 12

what is the blood volume of a canine?

Answer 12

9% x body weight (kg)
90 ml/kg

Question 13

what is reflux?

Answer 13

passive movements of stomach contents past lower esophageal sphincter

Question 14

what drugs can cause reflux/regurgitation?

Answer 14

opioids

Question 15

what are the clinical signs of endobronchial intubation?

Answer 15

tachypnea
decreased SpO2

Question 16

who gets laryngospasm?

Answer 16

cats
pigs

Question 17

how can you prevent laryngospasm?

Answer 17

drip lidocaine onto arytenoids
avoid touching larynx

Question 18

why is overinflation of the endotracheal tube cuff a problem?

Answer 18

pressure necrosis tracheal wall
rupture or stricture due to
can cause tube lumen to collapse inward

Question 19

why can hypothermia occur?

Answer 19

cold hospital environment
clipping of fur
cold prep fluids
open body cavities
cooling effect of fresh gas
drug effects

Question 20

why is hypothermia a problem?

Answer 20

peripheral vasoconstriction
decreased drug metabolism
slowed coagulation
suppression of immune system

Question 21

what is hypoventilation?

Answer 21

insufficient CO2 is cleared by lungs

Question 22

when does heart rate speed up with respiratory sinus arrhythmia?

Answer 22

inhalation

Question 23

how can you treat second degree AV block?

Answer 23

anticholinergic

Question 24

when should you treat ventricular tachycardia?

Answer 24

heart rate sustained >160-180
hemodynamically compromised
R on T
multifocal in origin

Question 25

what are the causes of ventricular tachycardia?

Answer 25

heart disease electrolyte imbalance splenic disease global hypoxemia

Question 26

what are the general causes of hypotension?

Answer 26

low heart rate poor cardiac contractility vasodilation hypovolemia

Question 27

what things in anesthesia cause vasodilation?

Answer 27

inhalant acepromazine propofol

Question 28

what is strength of ventricular contraction proportional to?

Answer 28

preload

Question 29

what should you do for absolute hypovolemia under anesthesia?

Answer 29

decrease inhalant crystalloid fluid bolus replace volume loss if due to hemorrhage

Question 30

what should you do for relative hypovolemia under anesthesia?

Answer 30

decrease inhalant crystalloid bolus administer alpha2 antagonist if due to alpha2 agonist vasoconstrictive agent

Question 31

an acute loss of >________ of blood volume overwhelms the compensatory mechanisms

Answer 31

20%

Question 32

what is the blood volume of felines?

Answer 32

7% of body weight 70ml/kg

Question 33

what is the blood volume of horses?

Answer 33

6-10% of body weight 60-100ml/kg

Question 34

what is the dose of crystalloids for blood loss?

Answer 34

3 x estimated blood loss

Question 35

how much does hypertonic saline increase the volume?

Answer 35

3-5 x volume administered

Question 36

what is regurgitation?

Answer 36

sufficient volume to leak past upper esophageal sphincter observed exiting mouth or nose

Question 37

what are the potential consequences of regurgitation/reflux?

Answer 37

esophagitis esophageal stricture nasal and pharyngeal irritation aspiration pneumonia

Question 38

which dogs are more at risk for regurgitation/reflux?

Answer 38

brachycephalic dogs laryngeal paralysis megaesophagus pregnancy GI foreign body

Question 39

what is endobronchial intubation?

Answer 39

distal tip of tube extends beyond carina into bronchus

Question 40

when do 70% of anesthetic cat deaths occur?

Answer 40

in recovery

Question 41

should you disconnect the patient for changes in recumbency?

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

how is hypoventilation detected?

Answer 42

elevated ETCO2 or PaCO2

Question 43

how can you treat hypoventilation?

Answer 43

decrease anesthetic depth support ventilation

Question 44

what patients are prone to arrhythmias under anesthesia?

Answer 44

brachycephalics dachshunds westies

Question 45

what procedures are prone to causing arrhythmias under anesthesia?

Answer 45

enucleation cholecystectomy ventral slot

Question 46

which drugs are prone to causing arrhythmias under anesthesia?

Answer 46

alpha2 agonists ketamine

Question 47

in whom is second degree AV block normal?

Answer 47

horses