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Anesthesia and Analgesia > Anesthetic Complications > Flashcards

Anesthetic Complications Flashcards

1
Q

what can cause low heart rate?

A

drugs
patient
procedure

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2
Q

what causes vasodilation in anesthesia?

A

inhalant
acepromazine
propofol

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3
Q

how do anesthetic drugs cause relative hypovolemia?

A

venodilation: venous circulation already holds the majority of the blood volume

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4
Q

what is relative hypovolemia?

A

normal blood volume, but volume (capacity) of vascular compartment has increased

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5
Q

what is the equation for mean arterial pressure?

A

MAP = HR x SV x SVR

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6
Q

what can you do to alleviate absolute hypovolemia?

A

decrease inhalant
crystalloid bolus
replace volume loss if due to hemorrhage

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7
Q

what can you do to alleviate poor cardiac contractility?

A

decrease inhalant
positive inotrope: dobutamine
administer alpha2 antagonist if due to alpha2 agonist

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8
Q

what can cause intraoperative acute blood loss?

A

laceration of vessel
blood-rich organs
vascularity of surgical site

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9
Q

what is the PCV value that is critical for oxygen delivery to tissues?

A

20%

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10
Q

when should you treat blood loss?

A

prior to cardiovascular effects of blood loss occur

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11
Q

what can you use to treat blood loss?

A

isotonic crystalloids
hypertonic saline
colloids
blood products

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12
Q

what is the blood volume of a canine?

A

9% x body weight (kg)
90 ml/kg

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13
Q

what is reflux?

A

passive movements of stomach contents past lower esophageal sphincter

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14
Q

what drugs can cause reflux/regurgitation?

A

opioids

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15
Q

what are the clinical signs of endobronchial intubation?

A

tachypnea
decreased SpO2

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16
Q

who gets laryngospasm?

A

cats
pigs

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17
Q

how can you prevent laryngospasm?

A

drip lidocaine onto arytenoids
avoid touching larynx

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18
Q

why is overinflation of the endotracheal tube cuff a problem?

A

pressure necrosis tracheal wall
rupture or stricture due to
can cause tube lumen to collapse inward

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19
Q

why can hypothermia occur?

A

cold hospital environment
clipping of fur
cold prep fluids
open body cavities
cooling effect of fresh gas
drug effects

20
Q

why is hypothermia a problem?

A

peripheral vasoconstriction
decreased drug metabolism
slowed coagulation
suppression of immune system

21
Q

what is hypoventilation?

A

insufficient CO2 is cleared by lungs

22
Q

when does heart rate speed up with respiratory sinus arrhythmia?

A

inhalation

23
Q

how can you treat second degree AV block?

A

anticholinergic

24
Q

when should you treat ventricular tachycardia?

A

heart rate sustained >160-180
hemodynamically compromised
R on T
multifocal in origin

25
Q

what are the causes of ventricular tachycardia?

A

heart disease
electrolyte imbalance
splenic disease
global hypoxemia

26
Q

what are the general causes of hypotension?

A

low heart rate
poor cardiac contractility
vasodilation
hypovolemia

27
Q

what things in anesthesia cause vasodilation?

A

inhalant
acepromazine
propofol

28
Q

what is strength of ventricular contraction proportional to?

A

preload

29
Q

what should you do for absolute hypovolemia under anesthesia?

A

decrease inhalant
crystalloid fluid bolus
replace volume loss if due to hemorrhage

30
Q

what should you do for relative hypovolemia under anesthesia?

A

decrease inhalant
crystalloid bolus
administer alpha2 antagonist if due to alpha2 agonist
vasoconstrictive agent

31
Q

an acute loss of >________ of blood volume overwhelms the compensatory mechanisms

A

20%

32
Q

what is the blood volume of felines?

A

7% of body weight
70ml/kg

33
Q

what is the blood volume of horses?

A

6-10% of body weight
60-100ml/kg

34
Q

what is the dose of crystalloids for blood loss?

A

3 x estimated blood loss

35
Q

how much does hypertonic saline increase the volume?

A

3-5 x volume administered

36
Q

what is regurgitation?

A

sufficient volume to leak past upper esophageal sphincter
observed exiting mouth or nose

37
Q

what are the potential consequences of regurgitation/reflux?

A

esophagitis
esophageal stricture
nasal and pharyngeal irritation
aspiration pneumonia

38
Q

which dogs are more at risk for regurgitation/reflux?

A

brachycephalic dogs
laryngeal paralysis
megaesophagus
pregnancy
GI foreign body

39
Q

what is endobronchial intubation?

A

distal tip of tube extends beyond carina into bronchus

40
Q

when do 70% of anesthetic cat deaths occur?

A

in recovery

41
Q

should you disconnect the patient for changes in recumbency?

A

yes

42
Q

how is hypoventilation detected?

A

elevated ETCO2 or PaCO2

43
Q

how can you treat hypoventilation?

A

decrease anesthetic depth
support ventilation

44
Q

what patients are prone to arrhythmias under anesthesia?

A

brachycephalics
dachshunds
westies

45
Q

what procedures are prone to causing arrhythmias under anesthesia?

A

enucleation
cholecystectomy
ventral slot

46
Q

which drugs are prone to causing arrhythmias under anesthesia?

A

alpha2 agonists
ketamine

47
Q

in whom is second degree AV block normal?

A

horses

Anesthesia and Analgesia (19 decks)

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